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Anatomy > The Autonomic System > Flashcards

The Autonomic System Flashcards

1
Q

Efferent

A

Going to organs of the body (exiting the CNS)

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2
Q

Afferent

A

Going from organs to brain (going at the CNS)

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • breaks into sensory and motor
  • sensory: somatic (touch), special (vision/smell), and visceral sensory (in our organs)
  • motor: somatic and visceral motor
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4
Q

PNS - Motor - Visceral aka Autonomic

A
  • sympathetic (fight or flight)
  • parasympathetic (rest and digest)
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5
Q

Somatic Motor

A
  • target/effectors: skeletal muscles
  • voluntary
  • examples: moving your biceps brachii muscle
  • # of neurons in pathway: 1
  • properties: myelinated
  • neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
  • ganglia: no
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6
Q

Visceral motor

A
  • target/effectors: smooth and cardiac muscles, glands
  • involuntary
  • example: changing heart rate, peristalsis
  • # of neurons in pathway: 2 preganglionic and postganglionic
  • properties: preganglionic (myelinated) and postganglionic (unmyelinated)
  • neurotransmitter: preganglionic (acetylcholine) and postganglionic: (Ach or norepinephrine)
  • ganglia: yes
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7
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • fight, flight, fright
  • activates
  • visceral motor axons of the sympathetic act to:
    • increase: heart rate (blood flow to muscles), respiration (oxygenate), perspiration (sweat glands activate in order to release watery sweat and engage cooling
    • decrease: digestion (want to conserve energy)
  • dilate pupils: allow more light to come in and it increases our visual acuity
  • causes widespread, long-lasting mobilization of the flight or flight response
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8
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • visceral motor axons of the parasympathetic division act to:
    • increase: blood flow to GI system (digest), activity of salivary glands
  • decrease: heart rate, and respiration (calm down)
  • pupils constrict
  • highly localized and shorter lived
  • inhibits
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9
Q

2-neuron pathway: parasympathetic

A
  1. Central NS brain stem or sacral spinal cord “craniosacral”
    - long preganglionic axon
  2. Peripheral NS: intramural ganglia w/in organ (will synapse at second cell)
    - short postganglionic axon
  3. Target: gut tube and digestive glands
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10
Q

Parasympathetic innervation via oculomotor

A
  1. preganglionic cell body in brain stem
    - long preganglionic axon = oculomotor nerve
  2. Synapse in ciliary ganglion
    - short postganglionic axon
  3. Postganglionic nerve innervate sphincter papillae to constrict pupil
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11
Q

Parasympathetic innervation via facial nerve — pterygopalatine ganglion

A
  1. Preganglionic cell body in brain stem
    - long preganglionic axon = facial nerve
  2. Synapse in pterygopalatine ganglion
    - short postganglionic axon
  3. Postganglionic axon project to lacrimal gland, small glands of nasal cavity
    - results: lacrimal gland = crying/tears
    > Nasal glands = sniffles/mucus
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12
Q

Parasympathetic innervation via facial nerve — submandibular ganglion

A
  1. Preganglionic cell body in brain stem
    - long preganglionic axon = facial nerve
  2. Synapse in submandibular ganglion
    - short postganglionic axon
  3. Postganglionic axons project to submandibular and sublingual glands
    - results: salivation/drooling
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13
Q

Parasympathetic innervation via glossopharyngeal nerve

A
  1. Preganglionic cell body in brain stem
    - long preganglionic axon = glossopharyngeal nerve
  2. Synapse in otic ganglion
    - short postganglionic axon
  3. Postganglionic axons project to parotid salivary gland
    - result: salivation/drooling
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14
Q

Parasympathetic innervation via vagus nerve

A
  1. Preganglionic cell body in brainstem
    - long preganglionic axon = vagus nerve (forms plexuses)
    - all plexuses will synapse to wall of organs
  2. Synapse in intramural ganglia
    - short postganglionic axon
  3. Postganglionic axons project to various target organs of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis (innervates testes and ovaries)
    - results: decrease in heart rate, constriction of airways, increased activity of GI organs
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15
Q

Parasympathetic innervation via pelvic splanchnic nerves

A
  1. Preganglionic cell body in s2-4 spinal cord segments
    - long preganglionic axon = pelvic splanchnic nerves
  2. Synapse in intramural ganglia
    - short postganglionic axon
  3. Postganglionic axons project to urinary bladder and reproductive organs
    - result: contraction of bladder, erection of clitoris and penis
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16
Q

2-neuron pathway: sympathetic

A
  1. Central NS T1-L2 Spinal Cord
    - short preganglionic axon
  2. Synapse at PNS
    > sympathetic chain ganglion: long string of ganglia
    > pre-aortic ganglion: arranged in front of the abdominal aorta
    - long postganglionic axon
  3. Target blood vessels (shoot more blood out); sweat glands (cool body down)
17
Q

Sympathetic chain ganglion pathway

A
  • 1st/central NS neuron: T1-L2 Spinal Cord
  • sympathetic chain ganglion
  • target: blood vessels of head and neck, heart and lungs, limbs and trunk, sweat glands
18
Q

Pre-aortic (prevertebral) ganglion pathway

A
  • 1st /central NS neuron: T1-L2 Spinal cord
  • pre-aortic (prevertebral) ganglion
  • target: blood vessels of GI system, smooth muscle of GI system, adrenal, renal, pelvis and perineum
19
Q

Synapse at Same Level

A
  1. 1st neuron in T1-L2 spinal cord
  2. Short preganglionic axon travels through white ramus communicans
  3. 2nd neuron in sympathetic chain ganglion
  4. Postganglionic axon travels through gray ramus communicans to enter spinal nerve
20
Q

Ascend or Descend, then synapse

A
  1. 1st neuron in T1-L2 spinal cord
  2. Short preganglionic axon travels through white ramus communicans then ascends (or descends) sympathetic chain
  3. 2nd neuron in sympathetic chain ganglion
  4. Postganglionic axon travels through gray ramus communicans to enter spinal nerve
21
Q

Sympathetic innervation in the head

A
  1. 1st neuron in T1-L2 spinal cord
  2. Preganglionic axon travels through white ramus communicans then ascends sympathetic chain
  3. 2nd neuron in superior cervical ganglion (every sympathetic axon going to the head is going to synapse there)
  4. Postganglionic axon travels on carotid arteries to reach head; distributed to target organs via arterial branches
22
Q

leave chain without synapsing

A
  1. 1st neuron in T1-L2 spinal cord
    - preganglionic axon travels through white ramus communicans then leaves sympathetic chain through a splanchnic nerve
  2. Neuron in preaortic ganglion (prevertebral)
  3. Postganglionic axon follows blood vessels
23
Q

Sympathetic prevertebral ganglia: celiac ganglion

A
  1. Preganglionic axons from T5-T9 exit sympathetic chain w/o synapsing
  2. Greater splanchnic nerve synapses at celiac ganglion
  3. Long perivascular plexus that targets stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, part of small intestine
    - result: decreased action of GI organs
24
Q

Sympathetic prevertebral ganglia: superior mesenteric ganglion

A
  1. Preganglionic axons from T10-T11 exit sympathetic chain w/o synapsing
  2. Lesser and least splanchnic nerves synapse at superior mesenteric ganglia
  3. Long perivascular plexus targets small intestines, part of large intestine
    - results: decreased GI activity
25
Q

Sympathetic prevertebral ganglia: inferior mesenteric ganglion

A
  1. Preganglionic axons from L1-L2 exit sympathetic chain without synapsing
  2. Lumbar splanchnic nerve synapses at inferior mesenteric ganglia
  3. Long perivascular plexus targets distal colon, rectum, bladder, reproductive organs
    - results: decreased GI activity
26
Q

Locate cranial nerves on brain

A

Anatomy (22 decks)

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