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Anatomy > Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nervous System, And Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nervous System, And Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Structural and Nutritional Support of CNS and PNS

A
  • CNS: astrocyte
  • PNS: Satellite cells
  • look at slides for what it looks like
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2
Q

Myelination in CNS and PNS

A
  • CNS: oligodendrocyte
  • PNS: Schwann cells/neurolemmacyte
  • look at slides for what they look like
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3
Q

Phagocytes

A
  • CNS: microglia
  • PNS: —
  • look at slides for what they look like
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4
Q

Line ventricles

A
  • CNS: ependymal cells
  • PNS: —
  • look at slides for what they look like
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5
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • functions: sensory and motor innervation of body
  • 2-way conduction of signals btw body and brain
  • major center for reflexes (don’t need brain. Sensory neuron tells motor neuron to activate)
  • project white matter, so axons are gonna travel in the spinal cord and are gonna conduct signals btw the body and brain
  • begins at foramen magnum
  • terminates at L1/L2 as conus medullaris
  • Filum terminals extends from conus medullaris to coccyx; anchors spinal cord
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6
Q

Mixed spinal nerve

A
  • each spinal cord segment has a mixed spinal nerve with dorsal and ventral roots
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7
Q

Cauda equina

A
  • collection of spinal nerves traveling inferiorly to exit at associated intervertebral foramen
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8
Q

Spinal cord meninges

A
  • epidural space: filled with fat and veins (not present in cranial cavity!) (blue things = veins)
  • dura mater = toughest
  • subdural space (potential space)
  • arachnoid mater = spidery
  • subarachnoid space filled with CSF
  • Pia mater = deepest
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9
Q

Spinal cord segment

A
  • the spinal cord transmits nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from afferent fibers of sensory neurons to the sensory cortex of the brain
  • in each segment a pair of spinal nerves is formed
  • each segment corresponds w/ a vertebra
  • 31 spinal cord segments
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10
Q

How is gray and white matter presented in spinal cords?

A
  • gray matter = deep
  • white matter = superficial
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11
Q

Spinal Cord Gray Matter: Posterior/dorsal horn

A
  • receives sensory neuronal input
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12
Q

Spinal Cord Gray Matter: Anterior/Ventral Horn

A
  • houses somatic motor cell bodies
  • mostly skeletal muscles
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13
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A
  • sensory cell bodies found here
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14
Q

Lateral Horn

A
  • smooth muscles (organs)
  • houses visceral motor* cell bodies
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15
Q

Spinal Cord Roots

A
  • roots emerge from dorsal and ventral horns
  • one way pathway for neurons signals
  • going out of ventral root and in thru the dorsal root
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16
Q

Posterior/dorsal root

A
  • sensory (afferent) axons AND CELL BODIES found in dorsal root
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17
Q

Anterior Root

A
  • motor (efferent) axons found here
  • motor signals travel from cell body thru axon
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18
Q

Dorsal and Ventral Roots come tgthr to form a ____

A
  • mixed spinal nerve
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19
Q

Mixed spinal nerve splits to form ____

A
  • dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) rami
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20
Q

Summary of Formation of Spinal Nerves

A
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21
Q

Spinal cord in vertebral column

A
  • spinal nerves are named after their adjacent vertebra
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
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22
Q

Spinal nerves in situ

A
  • dorsal rami: innervate muscles and skin surrounding vertebral column
  • ventral rami will form plexuses
  • spinal nerve travels thru intervertebral foramen
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23
Q

Nerve Plexuses

A
  • a nerve plexus is a network of nerves…formed by ventral rami only
  • all spinal nerves except T2-T12 (travel btw ribs and form intercostal nerves) branch and rejoin
  • each muscle in a limb receives its nerve supply from more that one spinal nerve… damage to one spinal nerve cannot completely paralyze any limb muscles
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24
Q

Cervical Plexus

A
  • C1-C4
  • phrenic nerve (C3,C4,C5) — travel down thru our thorax and innervate a muscle called the diaphragm
  • innervates the muscles of the neck and the diaphragm
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25
Q

Brachial Plexus

A
  • partly in neck, partly in axilla (armpit region)
  • gives rise to most nerves of the upper limb
  • mixing of ventral rami (C5-C8) and most of the ventral ramus of T1
26
Q

Main components of brachial plexus

A
  • ventral rami (roots)
  • trunks will form anterior and posterior divisions
  • divisions split up to form cords
  • cords form terminal branches
27
Q

Terminal Branches of Brachial Plexus: Axillary Nerve (C5-C6)

A
  • motor innervation: deltoid muscle (and teres minor)
  • sensory innervation: shoulder joint and skin on part of deltoid (pictured below)
  • sending axons to the skin, right around the area that we’re sending axons to the muscles
28
Q

Terminal Branches of Brachial Plexus: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)

A
  • motor innervation: anterior compartment of arm
  • sensory innervation: skin sensation for lateral forearm
29
Q

Terminal Branches of Brachial Plexus: Radial Nerve (C5-8)

A
  • sensory innervation: skin over dorso-lateral arm, forearm, and hand
  • motor innervation: posterior compartment of arm and forearm (extensors)
30
Q

Terminal Branches of Brachial Plexus: Median Nerve (C5-8)

A
  • sensory innervation: skin of lateral palm and digits 1-3 and lateral side of digit 4
  • motor innervation: anterior compartment of forearm (with ulnar)
  • intrinsic muscles of the thumb
31
Q

Terminal Branches of Brachial Plexus: Ulnar Nerve (C8-T1)

A
  • sensory innervation: skin of medial hand, medial side of digit 4, all of digit 5
  • motor innervation: flexors and intrinsic hand muscles on ulnar side of anterior forearm
32
Q

Lumbar Plexus (L1-L4)

A
  • branches that innervate part of the skin around the genitals and part of the skin around the abdominal region
  • femoral and obturator = main 2
33
Q

Femoral Nerve (L2-4)

A
  • sensory innervation: skin of antero-medial thigh and skin of medial leg and foot
  • motor innervation: muscles of anterior thigh, thigh flexors, leg extensors (iliopsoas, sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis (and v. intermedius))
34
Q

Obturator Nerve (L2-4)

A
  • sensory innervation: skin of medial thigh
  • motor innervation: muscles of medial thigh (adductors)
    > adductor longus, gracilis, adductor magnus, and adductor
    brevis
35
Q

Sacral Plexus

A
  • L5-S4
  • gluteal nerves
  • sciatic nerve
  • pudendal nerve
36
Q

Gluteal Nerves

A
  • inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S1): motor innervation = gluteus Maximus
  • superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1): motor innervation = gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fascia lata
    > thigh abductors
37
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A
  • L4-S3
  • provide innervation to basically the whole posterior aspect of your leg
  • sciatic, common fibular, tibial
38
Q

Sciatic Nerve: Tibial Nerve (L4-S3)

A
  • sensory innervation: skin of postero-lateral leg. Skin of sole of foot (subdivides into plantar nerves)
  • motor innervation: muscles of posterior thing and posterior leg
  • hamstring muscles = tibial nerve
39
Q

Common Fibular Nerve (L4-2)

A
  • sensory innervation: skin of antero-lateral leg, skin on dorsum of foot
  • motor innervation: muscles of anterior leg (deep fibular) and muscles of lateral leg (superficial fibular)
40
Q

Pudenal Nerve (S2-4)

A
  • sensory innervation: skin of external genitalia
  • motor innervation: muscles of perineum (Levator ani, coccygeus), external anal sphincter
41
Q

Cranial Nerves Overview

A
  • part of peripheral nervous system
  • sensory and motor nerve fibers that innervate the head/viscera
  • all of organs in our thoracic and abdominal cavities
  • originate at brain or brain stem
  • named in order, anterior-posterior
  • 12 pairs (CN 1-CNXII)
    > 3 pairs of sensory nerves
    > 5 pairs of motor nerves
    > 4 pairs of mixed nerves
42
Q

Sensory of Cranial Nerves: CN I — Olfactory Nerve

A
  • origin in olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity
  • olfactory nerves travel thru cribriform plate
  • synapse in olfactory bulb
  • olfactory tract terminates in olfactory cortex (turns it in to a sensation that the brain can understand)
  • neurons = collect olfactory sensations
  • olfactory tract: collection if axons going to the brain
43
Q

Sensory of Cranial Nerves: CN II Optic Nerve

A
  • special sense of vision
  • origin in retina of eye
  • axons travel posteriorly in optic tract
  • some axons cross to opposite side of brain in optic chains
  • terminates in primary visual cortex (in occipital lobe) = where we make sense of this electrical signal in our retina
44
Q

Sensory of Cranial Nerves: CN VIII Vestibulocochlear

A
  • special senses of hearing and equilibrium (figuring out where you are in space if you need it balance yourself)
  • origin in the inner ear (with petrous part of temporal bone)
  • connects to brain stem at pons
  • labyrinth (balance): filled with fluid
  • cochlea (hearing): send axons into the brain
45
Q

5 motor cranial nerves

A
  • CN III, IV (4), VI (6) innervate extrinsic eye muscles
  • CN XI (11) innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
  • CN XII (12) innervates muscles of the tongue
46
Q

Motor Cranial Nerves: CN III Occulomotor

A
  • innervates all extrinsic muscles of the eye except superior oblique and lateral rectus
  • origin in the midbrain
47
Q

Motor Cranial Nerves: CN IV Trochlear

A
  • innervates superior oblique muscle
  • eye look down and out
48
Q

Motor Cranial Nerves: CN VI Abducens

A
  • innervates lateral rectus (abduct the eye)
49
Q

CN XI — Spinal Accessory Nerve

A
  • sends rootlets from spinal cord up thru foramen magnum; exits again from jugular foramen
  • rootlets enter cranial cavity
  • innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
    > does this after it exits jugular foramen
50
Q

CN XII — Hypoglossal

A
  • originates in medulla oblongata
  • innervates muscles of tongue, including genioglossus
51
Q

Mixed Cranial Nerve: CN V — Trigeminal Nerve

A
  • sensation from the face into your brain
  • motor innervation to muscles of mastification
52
Q

Mixed Cranial Nerve: CN VII Facial Nerve

A
  • conveys special sensation (taste) from the anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • motor innervation to muscles of facial expression
53
Q

Mixed Cranial Nerve: CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A
  • conveys general and special sensation of taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • visceral sensation from carotid body -> sense blood pressure and blood gases
  • motor innervation to stylopharyngeus muscle (swallowing)
  • visceral motor from your salivary glands
54
Q

Mixed Cranial Nerve: CN X Vagus Nerves

A
  • wanderer
  • visceral sensations to organs of thorax and abdomen
  • somatic motor to muscles of larynx (speaking) and pharynx (swallowing)
  • visceral motor (parasympathetic) to thoracic and abdomen
55
Q

CN V — Trigeminal Nerve

A
  • has three divisions
  • V1 Opthalmic Division of Trigeminal Nerve
  • V2 Maxillary Division Of Trigeminal Nerve
  • V3 Mandibular Division of Trigeminal Nerve
56
Q

V1 Opthalmic Division of Trigeminal Nerve

A
  • sensation to forehead, upper eyelid, cornea, bridge of nose
57
Q

V2 Maxillary Division of Trigeminal Nerve

A
  • sensation to bottom eyelid, side of nose, upper lip, maxillary region
58
Q

V3 Mandibular Division of Trigeminal Nerve

A
  • sensation to side of temple, side of ace (cheek), bottom lip and chin, mandibular teeth and anterior 2/3 tongue
  • motor innervation to muscles of mastification (masseter, temporalis, pterygoids)
59
Q

CN VII - Facial Nerve

A
  • motor to muscles of facial expression
  • visceral motor (parasympathetic) to lacrimal gland (tears) and sublingual and submandibular glands
  • taste (special sense) from anterior 2/3 of tongue
60
Q

CN IX Glossopharyngeal

A
  • motor to stylopharyngeus muscle (swallowing)
  • visceral sensory to carotid body and sinus (senses blood chemistry
  • general sensory to pharynx, posterior 1/3 of tongue (if you swallow hot coffee and it burns)
  • taste and general sense to posterior 1/3 of tongue (bitter taste, sweetness, sour, etc)
  • visceral motor to parotid gland (saliva) (what makes our mouth water with food)
61
Q

CN X Vagus

A
  • wanders all over the body
  • somatic motor to larynx and pharynx (speaking and swallowing)
  • visceral sensory to organs of thorax and abdomen (what makes us feel cramps or gas pain or a feeling of fullness)
  • visceral motor (parasympathetic) to organs of thorax and abdomen
    > what tells our stomach to speed up or slow down digestion, tells our heart to beat faster, or tells our lungs to dilates and allow more air to get in

Anatomy (22 decks)

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