Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nervous System, And Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Structural and Nutritional Support of CNS and PNS

A
  • CNS: astrocyte
  • PNS: Satellite cells
  • look at slides for what it looks like
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2
Q

Myelination in CNS and PNS

A
  • CNS: oligodendrocyte
  • PNS: Schwann cells/neurolemmacyte
  • look at slides for what they look like
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3
Q

Phagocytes

A
  • CNS: microglia
  • PNS: —
  • look at slides for what they look like
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4
Q

Line ventricles

A
  • CNS: ependymal cells
  • PNS: —
  • look at slides for what they look like
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5
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • functions: sensory and motor innervation of body
  • 2-way conduction of signals btw body and brain
  • major center for reflexes (don’t need brain. Sensory neuron tells motor neuron to activate)
  • project white matter, so axons are gonna travel in the spinal cord and are gonna conduct signals btw the body and brain
  • begins at foramen magnum
  • terminates at L1/L2 as conus medullaris
  • Filum terminals extends from conus medullaris to coccyx; anchors spinal cord
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6
Q

Mixed spinal nerve

A
  • each spinal cord segment has a mixed spinal nerve with dorsal and ventral roots
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7
Q

Cauda equina

A
  • collection of spinal nerves traveling inferiorly to exit at associated intervertebral foramen
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8
Q

Spinal cord meninges

A
  • epidural space: filled with fat and veins (not present in cranial cavity!) (blue things = veins)
  • dura mater = toughest
  • subdural space (potential space)
  • arachnoid mater = spidery
  • subarachnoid space filled with CSF
  • Pia mater = deepest
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9
Q

Spinal cord segment

A
  • the spinal cord transmits nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from afferent fibers of sensory neurons to the sensory cortex of the brain
  • in each segment a pair of spinal nerves is formed
  • each segment corresponds w/ a vertebra
  • 31 spinal cord segments
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10
Q

How is gray and white matter presented in spinal cords?

A
  • gray matter = deep
  • white matter = superficial
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11
Q

Spinal Cord Gray Matter: Posterior/dorsal horn

A
  • receives sensory neuronal input
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12
Q

Spinal Cord Gray Matter: Anterior/Ventral Horn

A
  • houses somatic motor cell bodies
  • mostly skeletal muscles
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13
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A
  • sensory cell bodies found here
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14
Q

Lateral Horn

A
  • smooth muscles (organs)
  • houses visceral motor* cell bodies
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15
Q

Spinal Cord Roots

A
  • roots emerge from dorsal and ventral horns
  • one way pathway for neurons signals
  • going out of ventral root and in thru the dorsal root
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16
Q

Posterior/dorsal root

A
  • sensory (afferent) axons AND CELL BODIES found in dorsal root
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17
Q

Anterior Root

A
  • motor (efferent) axons found here
  • motor signals travel from cell body thru axon
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18
Q

Dorsal and Ventral Roots come tgthr to form a ____

A
  • mixed spinal nerve
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19
Q

Mixed spinal nerve splits to form ____

A
  • dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) rami
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20
Q

Summary of Formation of Spinal Nerves

A
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21
Q

Spinal cord in vertebral column

A
  • spinal nerves are named after their adjacent vertebra
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
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22
Q

Spinal nerves in situ

A
  • dorsal rami: innervate muscles and skin surrounding vertebral column
  • ventral rami will form plexuses
  • spinal nerve travels thru intervertebral foramen
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23
Q

Nerve Plexuses

A
  • a nerve plexus is a network of nerves…formed by ventral rami only
  • all spinal nerves except T2-T12 (travel btw ribs and form intercostal nerves) branch and rejoin
  • each muscle in a limb receives its nerve supply from more that one spinal nerve… damage to one spinal nerve cannot completely paralyze any limb muscles
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24
Q

Cervical Plexus

A
  • C1-C4
  • phrenic nerve (C3,C4,C5) — travel down thru our thorax and innervate a muscle called the diaphragm
  • innervates the muscles of the neck and the diaphragm
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Brachial Plexus
- partly in neck, partly in axilla (armpit region) - gives rise to most nerves of the upper limb - mixing of ventral rami (C5-C8) and most of the ventral ramus of T1
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Main components of brachial plexus
- ventral rami (roots) - trunks will form anterior and posterior divisions - divisions split up to form cords - cords form terminal branches
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Terminal Branches of Brachial Plexus: Axillary Nerve (C5-C6)
- motor innervation: deltoid muscle (and teres minor) - sensory innervation: shoulder joint and skin on part of deltoid (pictured below) - sending axons to the skin, right around the area that we’re sending axons to the muscles
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Terminal Branches of Brachial Plexus: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)
- motor innervation: anterior compartment of arm - sensory innervation: skin sensation for lateral forearm
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Terminal Branches of Brachial Plexus: Radial Nerve (C5-8)
- sensory innervation: skin over dorso-lateral arm, forearm, and hand - motor innervation: posterior compartment of arm and forearm (extensors)
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Terminal Branches of Brachial Plexus: Median Nerve (C5-8)
- sensory innervation: skin of lateral palm and digits 1-3 and lateral side of digit 4 - motor innervation: anterior compartment of forearm (with ulnar) - intrinsic muscles of the thumb
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Terminal Branches of Brachial Plexus: Ulnar Nerve (C8-T1)
- sensory innervation: skin of medial hand, medial side of digit 4, all of digit 5 - motor innervation: flexors and intrinsic hand muscles on ulnar side of anterior forearm
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Lumbar Plexus (L1-L4)
- branches that innervate part of the skin around the genitals and part of the skin around the abdominal region - femoral and obturator = main 2
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Femoral Nerve (L2-4)
- sensory innervation: skin of antero-medial thigh and skin of medial leg and foot - motor innervation: muscles of anterior thigh, thigh flexors, leg extensors (iliopsoas, sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis (and v. intermedius))
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Obturator Nerve (L2-4)
- sensory innervation: skin of medial thigh - motor innervation: muscles of medial thigh (adductors) > adductor longus, gracilis, adductor magnus, and adductor brevis
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Sacral Plexus
- L5-S4 - gluteal nerves - sciatic nerve - pudendal nerve
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Gluteal Nerves
- inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S1): motor innervation = gluteus Maximus - superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1): motor innervation = gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fascia lata > thigh abductors
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Sciatic Nerve
- L4-S3 - provide innervation to basically the whole posterior aspect of your leg - sciatic, common fibular, tibial
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Sciatic Nerve: Tibial Nerve (L4-S3)
- sensory innervation: skin of postero-lateral leg. Skin of sole of foot (subdivides into plantar nerves) - motor innervation: muscles of posterior thing and posterior leg - hamstring muscles = tibial nerve
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Common Fibular Nerve (L4-2)
- sensory innervation: skin of antero-lateral leg, skin on dorsum of foot - motor innervation: muscles of anterior leg (deep fibular) and muscles of lateral leg (superficial fibular)
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Pudenal Nerve (S2-4)
- sensory innervation: skin of external genitalia - motor innervation: muscles of perineum (Levator ani, coccygeus), external anal sphincter
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Cranial Nerves Overview
- part of peripheral nervous system - sensory and motor nerve fibers that innervate the head/viscera - all of organs in our thoracic and abdominal cavities - originate at brain or brain stem - named in order, anterior-posterior - 12 pairs (CN 1-CNXII) > 3 pairs of sensory nerves > 5 pairs of motor nerves > 4 pairs of mixed nerves
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Sensory of Cranial Nerves: CN I — Olfactory Nerve
- origin in olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity - olfactory nerves travel thru cribriform plate - synapse in olfactory bulb - olfactory tract terminates in olfactory cortex (turns it in to a sensation that the brain can understand) - neurons = collect olfactory sensations - olfactory tract: collection if axons going to the brain
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Sensory of Cranial Nerves: CN II Optic Nerve
- special sense of vision - origin in retina of eye - axons travel posteriorly in optic tract - some axons cross to opposite side of brain in optic chains - terminates in primary visual cortex (in occipital lobe) = where we make sense of this electrical signal in our retina
44
Sensory of Cranial Nerves: CN VIII Vestibulocochlear
- special senses of hearing and equilibrium (figuring out where you are in space if you need it balance yourself) - origin in the inner ear (with petrous part of temporal bone) - connects to brain stem at pons - labyrinth (balance): filled with fluid - cochlea (hearing): send axons into the brain
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5 motor cranial nerves
- CN III, IV (4), VI (6) innervate extrinsic eye muscles - CN XI (11) innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius - CN XII (12) innervates muscles of the tongue
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Motor Cranial Nerves: CN III Occulomotor
- innervates all extrinsic muscles of the eye except superior oblique and lateral rectus - origin in the midbrain
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Motor Cranial Nerves: CN IV Trochlear
- innervates superior oblique muscle - eye look down and out
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Motor Cranial Nerves: CN VI Abducens
- innervates lateral rectus (abduct the eye)
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CN XI — Spinal Accessory Nerve
- sends rootlets from spinal cord up thru foramen magnum; exits again from jugular foramen - rootlets enter cranial cavity - innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles > does this after it exits jugular foramen
50
CN XII — Hypoglossal
- originates in medulla oblongata - innervates muscles of tongue, including genioglossus
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Mixed Cranial Nerve: CN V — Trigeminal Nerve
- sensation from the face into your brain - motor innervation to muscles of mastification
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Mixed Cranial Nerve: CN VII Facial Nerve
- conveys special sensation (taste) from the anterior 2/3 of tongue - motor innervation to muscles of facial expression
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Mixed Cranial Nerve: CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve
- conveys general and special sensation of taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue - visceral sensation from carotid body -> sense blood pressure and blood gases - motor innervation to stylopharyngeus muscle (swallowing) - visceral motor from your salivary glands
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Mixed Cranial Nerve: CN X Vagus Nerves
- wanderer - visceral sensations to organs of thorax and abdomen - somatic motor to muscles of larynx (speaking) and pharynx (swallowing) - visceral motor (parasympathetic) to thoracic and abdomen
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CN V — Trigeminal Nerve
- has three divisions - V1 Opthalmic Division of Trigeminal Nerve - V2 Maxillary Division Of Trigeminal Nerve - V3 Mandibular Division of Trigeminal Nerve
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V1 Opthalmic Division of Trigeminal Nerve
- sensation to forehead, upper eyelid, cornea, bridge of nose
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V2 Maxillary Division of Trigeminal Nerve
- sensation to bottom eyelid, side of nose, upper lip, maxillary region
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V3 Mandibular Division of Trigeminal Nerve
- sensation to side of temple, side of ace (cheek), bottom lip and chin, mandibular teeth and anterior 2/3 tongue - motor innervation to muscles of mastification (masseter, temporalis, pterygoids)
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CN VII - Facial Nerve
- motor to muscles of facial expression - visceral motor (parasympathetic) to lacrimal gland (tears) and sublingual and submandibular glands - taste (special sense) from anterior 2/3 of tongue
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CN IX Glossopharyngeal
- motor to stylopharyngeus muscle (swallowing) - visceral sensory to carotid body and sinus (senses blood chemistry - general sensory to pharynx, posterior 1/3 of tongue (if you swallow hot coffee and it burns) - taste and general sense to posterior 1/3 of tongue (bitter taste, sweetness, sour, etc) - visceral motor to parotid gland (saliva) (what makes our mouth water with food)
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CN X Vagus
- wanders all over the body - somatic motor to larynx and pharynx (speaking and swallowing) - visceral sensory to organs of thorax and abdomen (what makes us feel cramps or gas pain or a feeling of fullness) - visceral motor (parasympathetic) to organs of thorax and abdomen > what tells our stomach to speed up or slow down digestion, tells our heart to beat faster, or tells our lungs to dilates and allow more air to get in