THE THORAX Flashcards by Nicholas de Guzman

this is the serosa that keeps the lungs stuck to the wall of the thoracic cage so that the lungs will expand also?

pleura

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layer against the chest wall

parietal pleura

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the layer against the lungs

visceral pleura

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between the two pleura of the lungs, is a potential space lined with a thin layer of fluid?

inter pleural space

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double layer of serosa that connects the mediastinum to a pleural cavity. It is similar in function and structure to the many ligaments we say in the abdomen

pulmonary ligament

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when the potential space between the pleural layers is filled with air

collapsed lung

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air in the pleural space

pneumothorax

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inflammation of the pleura that can also result in a collapsed lung

pleurisy

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potential space in which fluid can pool in the bottom of the thoracic chamber.

diaphragmatic recess

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parietal pleura against the ribs?

costal pleura

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parietal pleura against the surface of diaphragm

diaphragmatic pleura

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parietal pleura against the medial part of the parietal pleural that is adjacent to the mass of tissue and organs that separate the pleural sacs, known as the mediastinum

mediastinal pleura

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parietal pleura against the apex of lung

cupula pleura

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these structures are between the mediastinal pleura and mediastinum?

pericardiacophrenic artery, vein and phrenic nerve

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innervation of the phrenic nerve?

C3,C4,C5

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what is the respiratory system divided into?

conducting airway and respiratory airway

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what comprises the conducting airway?

nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi
-secondary bronchi
--tertiary bronchi
---bronchioles
----primary bronchioles
----terminal bronchioles

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what is the link between the conducting airway and the respiratory airway?

terminal bronchioles

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what comprises the respiratory airway?

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli

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these carry dexoygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

these carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

pulmonary arteries

pulmonary veins

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what are the bones that comprise the sternum?

manubrium
body
xiphoid

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what structures lie deep to the sternal angle?

what rib lies here? at the level of what vertebrae

aorta branches
SVC
trachea bifurcation

2nd rib, level of T4-T5

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if broken, than you have a functionally disarticulated upper extremity?

clavicle

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for ribs, the anterior cartilaginous termination is made of what type of cartilage?

fibrocartilage-costal cartilage

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this part of the rib uses its demifacets to articulate with the bodies of the two thoracic vertebrae?

head

this part of the rib is between the head and tubercle?

neck

this part of the rib has an articular surface which articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae?

tubercle

part of the body of the rib is where the rib turns anterolaterally

costal angle

part of the body of the rib that protects the intercostal nerve and vessels? what are these vessels?

intercostal vein, artery, nerve

intercostal vein drains where?

azygous vein

intercostal artery supplies?

thoracic aorta

what is the intercostal nerve a branch off of?

thoracic spinal cord

glands of the mammary glands?

apocrine sweat glands sebaceous glands found in the skin of the areola that produce sebum protecting the nipple

part of female breast? pigmented skin surround the nipple

areola

part of female breast? exit of the lactiferous ducts

mammary glands

part of female breast? modified sweat gland within the superficial fascia?

mammary glands

part of female breast? transport milk from the glands to the nipple

lactiferous ducts

part of female breast? give support to the breast by anchoring it to the fascia that overlies the pectoral muscles

suspensory ligaments

part of female breast? bordered by the clavicle, pectoralis major, deltoid what structure runs here

deltopectoral triangle cephalic vein

pulls ribs up and out in inspiration?

external intercostal muscles

pulls ribs upward and inward to compress the thoracic cavity assisting in expiration?

internal intercostal muscles

what comprises the innermost intercostal muscles?

``` internal thoracis (transversus thoracis) subcostal muscles ```

the diaphragm has openings in it for a few structures to pass? directly anterior to the vertebral column anterior to the aorta, carries the vagus nerve with it anterior and to the right of the esophagus

aorta esophagus inferior vena cava

what imaginary line divides the mediastinum?

from the sternal angle to the body of T4

what are the contents of the superior mediastinum?

``` trachea aortic arch and branches superior vena cava brachiocephalic vein thymus ```

what is the inferior mediastinum divided into? name the contents?

anterior middle posterior anterior: internal thoracic arteries internal thoracic veins ``` middle: heart aorta superior vena cava pulmonary trunk ``` ``` posterior: thoracic aorta azygous system of veins trachea esophagus sympathetic trunk splanchnic nerves ```

potential space between fascia that surround the deep muscles of the vertebral column. Infection can occur here like in the oral cavity or pharynx and can spread all the way down to the posterior mediastinum

retropharyngeal space (danger space)

this is the double walled sac that holds the heart? open or closed system?

pericardial sac closed

outer fibrous connective tissue layer?

fibrous pericardium

the inner serous layer of the pericardial sac? what are the layers this? this refers to the visceral layer of the serous pericardium which lies directly on the surface of the heart?

serous pericardium visceral and parietal layers epicardium

posterior to the arch of the aorta and pulmonary trunk and anterior to the back wall of the pericardial sac. This potential space has some clinical significance in heart surgeries?

transverse sinus

bordered by the visceral serous pericardium anteriorly, the parietal serous pericardium posteriorly, and the right and left pulmonary veins on the sides and a pericardial connection superiorly

oblique sinus

a specialized trabecular that connects the central wall of the heart to the outer wall of the right ventricle, not present in the left ventricle?

septomarginal trabeculae or moderator band

what is the intrinsic system of the heart made of?

``` SA Bachman fibers Internodal fibers AV node AV Bundle of His Left and Right Ventricular Bundle Branches Purkinje Fibers ```

what is the role of the extrinsic innervation of the heart? components?

slows the heart down parasympathetic (vagus) and sympathetic (presynaptic fibers from T-1 to T-5) chronotropic, dromotropic, ionotropic

Great Cardiac Vein runs with?

Anterior inter ventricular artery

Middle Cardiac Vein runs with?

posterior inter ventricular artery

Small Cardiac Vein runs with?

marginal artery

umbilical vein becomes?

ligamentum teres

ductus venosus becomes?

ligamentum venosum

foramen ovale becomes?

fossa ovalis

ductus arteriosus becomes?

ligamentum arteriosum

umbilical arteries becomes?

medial umbilical ligaments or folds

brings blood in form the placenta towards the liver?

umbilical vein

allows blood that has just come into the fetus to bypass the liver?

ductus venosus

a valve that allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?

foramen ovale

shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch in order to bypass the lungs?

ductus arteriosus

returns blood to the placenta from the internal iliac arteries

umbilical arteries

what does the thoracic aorta give rise too?

intercostal arteries and superior phrenic arteries

this is the return system for all the lymph except the right upper quadrant of the body.

thoracic duct

thoracic duct receives lymph here and drains into the junction of?

cisterna chyle left internal jugular left subclavian

what comprises the azygous venous system?

azygous vein proper hemiazygous vein accessory hemiazygous vein (T3-T4 up to T1)

chains of ganglia that are seen in the abdomen that run on either side of the vertebral column?

thoracic sympathetic trunks

pathways the presynaptic sympathetic fibers take in getting from the ventral rami to the sympathetic trunks?

white rami communicates

post synaptic sympathetic fibers get back on to ventral rami of spinal nerves here?

gray rami communicantes

these supply the sympathetic innervation to the viscera?

splanchnic nerves

level of greater splanchnic nerves?

T-5 to T-9

level of lesser splanchnic nerves?

T10 to T11

level of least splanchnic nerves?

T-12

THE THORAX Flashcards

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