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Psych 377 > The Temporal Lobes and Networks > Flashcards

The Temporal Lobes and Networks Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the temporal lobe include?

A

the neocortex, limbic cortex, and olfactory cortex

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2
Q

what are the subcortical structures of the temporal lobe

A

the amygdala and hippocampus

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3
Q

what do rough subdivisions on the lateral surface of the temporal cortex include?

A

auditory areas and areas associated with the ventral visual stream

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4
Q

where is the pyriform cortex found and another name for it

A

olfactory cortex, found on medial surface

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5
Q

what is the temporal-parietal junction involved in?

A

attention, memory and decision making in a social context

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6
Q

what is the function of deep sulci in the temporal cortex?

A

to increase the surface area of the temporal lobe

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7
Q

insula, deep within the ______ fissure, includes the….

A

sylvian (lateral) fissure, gustatory cortex

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8
Q

what does the superior temporal sulcus contain

A

multimodal association areas

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9
Q

what are the brodmanns areas of the temporal lobe

A

41,42,22,21,20 and 38

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10
Q

what are the von bonin and baileys areas of the temporal lobe

A

TA.TB.TC.TE, TEO, TG, DA, OB, OC

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11
Q

what projects to the temporal lobe?

A

sensory systems

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12
Q

output from the temporal lobe goes where?

A

to the frontal and parietal lobes as well as the limbic system and basal ganglia

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13
Q

what does the dorsal auditory pathway dy

A

directs movements in response to auditory information

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14
Q

what does the polymodal visual and auditory pathway support

A

object categorization in the STS

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15
Q

where does visual and auditory info project to in the temporal lobe

A

the medial temporal lobe to support long term memory

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16
Q

what are pathways to the frontal lobe from the temporal cortex important for

A

motor control and short term memory

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17
Q

why are olfactory bulb projections to the pyriform cortex important

A

for odor perception and memory

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18
Q

ventral stream was initially understood as a ______ ______, but newer research suggests….

A

visual pathway, there are at least 6 components

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19
Q

where do projections from the occipitotemporal pathway project to and what is their function

A

project to striatum to support skill learning

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20
Q

what does the pathway from inferotemporal cortex to amygdala support

A

processing of emotional stimuli

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21
Q

what does the pathway from inferotemporal cortex to ventral striatum provide

A

info about stimulus valence

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22
Q

where do the multiple pathways from area TE project to and what are they involved in?

A

project to medial temporal lobe, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; are involved in long-term memory, object reward pairings, and working memory

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23
Q

describe the function of the temporal lobe

A

-analyzes sensory information as it enters the nervous system
-recognizes visual objects
-processes auditory input
-stores long term memories
-processes olfactory input

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24
Q

why is quickly categorizing objects important ?

A

ffor accurate perception and memory

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25
Q

what does damage to the temporal lobe result in?

A

deficits in identifying and categorizing stimuli

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26
Q

what does cross modal matching enable?

A

the integration of visual and auditory information and likely involves the superior temporal sulvus

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27
Q

where is olfactory information processed

A

in the temporal lobe, and added to perception of the stimulus

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28
Q

where is sensory input combined and stored?

A

by the structures of the medial temporal lobe

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29
Q

what is the affective response and what does it involve?

A

the subjective feeling about the stimulus, involves the amygdala in the medial temporal lobe

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30
Q

what does the affective response do

A

associates the stimulus with positive, neutral, or negative consequences

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31
Q

what happens in animals following damage to the amygdala?

A

animals do not have an emotional response to threatening stimuli

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32
Q

what type of cells does the hippocampus contain and what is the function of them

A

contains place cells to encode location in space and support navigation

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33
Q

what does the superior temporal sulcus do

A

detects biological motion

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34
Q

what is biological motion

A

movement of relevance to the species

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35
Q

what is an important part of social cognition, and what does it depend on?

A

understanding the intentions of others, depends on multimodal integration in the STS

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36
Q

what allows us to recognize people and infer their intentions?

A

body motion, facial movements, and voice cues

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37
Q

what are cells in STS sensitive to?

A

mouth movements and vocal characteristics, other cells are responsive to body motion in a particular direction or to particular facial expressions

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38
Q

STS neurons in an observing monkey respond more strongly to…

A

an approaching body than to the same body moving in another direction or standing still

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39
Q

in participants who were watching complex visual scenes from movies, what is true of the similarity in patterns of brain activities between subjects?

A

-similar patterns of activity in auditory and visual regions of temporal lobe
-little similarity in patterns of brain activity between subjects

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40
Q

what does activity in area TE depend on?

A

complex combinations of features, including orientation, size, color and texture

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41
Q

objects activate WHAT based on the overall features they possess?

A

different combinations of cells

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42
Q

what may be the basis for categorization in area TE?

A

similar pattern of overall activity, despite small changes in the individual objects

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43
Q

what can alter the response patterns of TE neurons

A

experience and training

44
Q

neurons in the temporal lobe form….

A

cortical columns that respond to categories of shapes

45
Q

when is the recognition of faces impaired?

A

when they are presented inverted, suggesting there is a selective ability to recognize upright faces

46
Q

where are specific cortical regions for recognizing upright faces located?

A

occipital and temporal lobes

47
Q

lesions to what lobe has a greater impact on the ability to process faces?

A

right temporal lobe

48
Q

what structures are involved in the core system (visual analysis) for face perception

A

-inferior occipital gyri
-fusiform face area
-superior temporal sulcus

49
Q

what structures are involved in the extended system for face perception (further processing in concert with other neural systems)

A

anterior temporal cortex
auditory cortex
intraparietal sulcus
amygdala, insula, limbic system

50
Q

multiple ________ maps exist in the temporal lobe, but the nature and function of these maps is not well understood

A

tonotopic

51
Q

vowels tend to have a ….

A

constant frequency

52
Q

consonants tend to…

A

change frequency rapidly

53
Q

when are nonlinguistic sounds perceived as a buzz

A

if presented above 5 segments per second

54
Q

typical speech occurs at ____-_____ segments per second

A

8-10

55
Q

maximum comprehensible speech is about _____ segments per second

A

30

56
Q

how is perceived speech processed and why?

A

processed in parallel pathways to extract meaning and to plan articulatory movements

57
Q

what is language?

A

a rules based system that enables the exchange of information

58
Q

what is syntax

A

the rules of grammar

59
Q

what is semantics

A

the meaning of words

60
Q

what is receptive language

A

taking in and comprehending information

61
Q

what is expressive language

A

the ability to produce language

62
Q

what does music perception require?

A

the interaction of multiple elements and the relationship between them

63
Q

what is loudness

A

subjective magnitude of the sound

64
Q

what is timbre

A

the distinct qualities or complexities of the sound

65
Q

what is pitch

A

the subjective position of the sound on the musical scale and is related to frequency

66
Q

the fundamental frequency is…

A

the lowest frequency of a note

67
Q

what are overtones

A

higher frequencies included in the sound, and are generally multiples of the fundamental frequency

68
Q

how can the auditory system still identify the fundamental frequency even if it is filtered out?

A

based on the overtones

69
Q

what is important for music perception

A

rhythm , including the duration of the individual tones and the temporal regularity of the music

70
Q

in frequency, pitch and rhythm: the left temporal lobe is predominant for what?

A

temporal grouping for rhythm

71
Q

in frequency, pitch and rhythm: the right temporal lobe is predominant for what?

A

perceivinf meter

72
Q

the brains of musicians have a greater volume of what?

A

gray matter in hechl’s gyrus. increases in the grey matter here are correlated with musical ability

73
Q

areas associated with WHAT are also active during musical tasks?

A

the language network

74
Q

which part of the pyriform cortex is contained within the temporal lobe?

A

posterior portion of pyriform cortex

75
Q

the posterior pyriform cortex connects with what to connect the olfactory sensations to memory and emotion?

A

entorhinal and perirhinal cortices and the amygdala

76
Q

extensive connections between entorhinal cortex and medial temporal lobe structures support…

A

memory

77
Q

what do temporal lobe language networks involve?

A

the left inferior temporal gyrus, left supplementary motor area, left thalamus, and left posterior temporal cortex

78
Q

what does face perception involve?

A

the inferior occipital cortex and the fusiform gyrus

79
Q

what does damage to the primary auditory cortex impair?

A

the ability to discriminate rapidly presented and complex patterns of stimuli

80
Q

what do patients with temporal lobe damage have difficulty with?

A

discriminating speech, reporting that people are talking too quickly

81
Q

patients with temporal lobe damage need up to ________ milliseconds between sounds to correctly identify which occurred first, when control subjects only need 50-60 ms

A

500

82
Q

damage to what brain region produces aphasia?

A

wernicke’s area

83
Q

patients with damage to the right temporal lobe are impaired discriminating between what?

A

sounds of different pitch

84
Q

difficulty discriminating between rhythms is associated with what?

A

damage to the right posterior superior temporal gyrus

85
Q

difficulty discriminating between musical pieces with different meters is associated with what?

A

damage to anterior temporal lobe om either side

86
Q

about 4% of the population has what?

A

congenital amusica (tone deaf), cannot be remedied with musical training

87
Q

patients with damage to the right temporal lobe can describe a visual scene accurately, but fail to notice…

A

things that are out of place (dont fit schema)

88
Q

patients with damage to the right temporal lobe fail to perceive or understand….

A

subtle social cues

89
Q

for visual and auditory stimuli, attention can be focused on the left or right ear or visual field. what is true about patients with temporal lobe damage

A

impaired in shifting attention in this way

90
Q

damage to the right temporal lobe results in ______ deficits in attention shifting

A

bilateral

91
Q

damage to the left temporal lobe results in _____ deficits in attention shifting

A

unilateral

92
Q

damage to the left temporal lobe results in impairment in

A

categorization :
-unable to place words into categories
-unable to use name members of a category such as “animals” when asked

93
Q

temporal lobe seizures are often associated with what kind of auras?

A

olfactory

94
Q

temporal lobe epilepsy and surgical damage to the temporal lobe to prevent seizures result in what?

A

impaired perception of odors and memory for odors

95
Q

damage to the right temporal cortex impairs the ability of people to interpret what?

A

information from context (inability to use contextual information)

96
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

97
Q

removal of the medial temporal lobe results in what?

A

anterograde amnesia

98
Q

damage to the inferotemporal cortex interferes with what?

A

conscious recall of information, greater damage = greater impairment

99
Q

damage to the left hemisphere results in impairments for,….

A

verbal material

100
Q

damage to the left hemisphere results in impairments for…

A

nonverbal material

101
Q

stimulation of the medial temporal cortex produces feelings of…

A

fear

102
Q

personality changes occur after damage to either lobe, but are more common after damage to which hemisphere?

A

right hemisphere

103
Q

what is temporal lobe epilepsy associated with?

A

personality changes that emphasize trivia and details in daily life

104
Q

bilateral damage to the amygdala results in what?

A

increased sexual behaviour

105
Q

dichotic listening and visual object and space perception battery asses what?

A

auditory and visual processing

106
Q

what does the Rey Complex Figure Test evaluate

A

nonverbal memory by asking subjects to remember to reproduce a complex figure

Psych 377 (11 decks)

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