The Temporal Lobes and Networks Flashcards
what does the temporal lobe include?
the neocortex, limbic cortex, and olfactory cortex
what are the subcortical structures of the temporal lobe
the amygdala and hippocampus
what do rough subdivisions on the lateral surface of the temporal cortex include?
auditory areas and areas associated with the ventral visual stream
where is the pyriform cortex found and another name for it
olfactory cortex, found on medial surface
what is the temporal-parietal junction involved in?
attention, memory and decision making in a social context
what is the function of deep sulci in the temporal cortex?
to increase the surface area of the temporal lobe
insula, deep within the ______ fissure, includes the….
sylvian (lateral) fissure, gustatory cortex
what does the superior temporal sulcus contain
multimodal association areas
what are the brodmanns areas of the temporal lobe
41,42,22,21,20 and 38
what are the von bonin and baileys areas of the temporal lobe
TA.TB.TC.TE, TEO, TG, DA, OB, OC
what projects to the temporal lobe?
sensory systems
output from the temporal lobe goes where?
to the frontal and parietal lobes as well as the limbic system and basal ganglia
what does the dorsal auditory pathway dy
directs movements in response to auditory information
what does the polymodal visual and auditory pathway support
object categorization in the STS
where does visual and auditory info project to in the temporal lobe
the medial temporal lobe to support long term memory
what are pathways to the frontal lobe from the temporal cortex important for
motor control and short term memory
why are olfactory bulb projections to the pyriform cortex important
for odor perception and memory
ventral stream was initially understood as a ______ ______, but newer research suggests….
visual pathway, there are at least 6 components
where do projections from the occipitotemporal pathway project to and what is their function
project to striatum to support skill learning
what does the pathway from inferotemporal cortex to amygdala support
processing of emotional stimuli
what does the pathway from inferotemporal cortex to ventral striatum provide
info about stimulus valence
where do the multiple pathways from area TE project to and what are they involved in?
project to medial temporal lobe, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; are involved in long-term memory, object reward pairings, and working memory
describe the function of the temporal lobe
-analyzes sensory information as it enters the nervous system
-recognizes visual objects
-processes auditory input
-stores long term memories
-processes olfactory input
why is quickly categorizing objects important ?
ffor accurate perception and memory
what does damage to the temporal lobe result in?
deficits in identifying and categorizing stimuli
what does cross modal matching enable?
the integration of visual and auditory information and likely involves the superior temporal sulvus
where is olfactory information processed
in the temporal lobe, and added to perception of the stimulus
where is sensory input combined and stored?
by the structures of the medial temporal lobe
what is the affective response and what does it involve?
the subjective feeling about the stimulus, involves the amygdala in the medial temporal lobe
what does the affective response do
associates the stimulus with positive, neutral, or negative consequences
what happens in animals following damage to the amygdala?
animals do not have an emotional response to threatening stimuli
what type of cells does the hippocampus contain and what is the function of them
contains place cells to encode location in space and support navigation
what does the superior temporal sulcus do
detects biological motion
what is biological motion
movement of relevance to the species
what is an important part of social cognition, and what does it depend on?
understanding the intentions of others, depends on multimodal integration in the STS
what allows us to recognize people and infer their intentions?
body motion, facial movements, and voice cues
what are cells in STS sensitive to?
mouth movements and vocal characteristics, other cells are responsive to body motion in a particular direction or to particular facial expressions
STS neurons in an observing monkey respond more strongly to…
an approaching body than to the same body moving in another direction or standing still
in participants who were watching complex visual scenes from movies, what is true of the similarity in patterns of brain activities between subjects?
-similar patterns of activity in auditory and visual regions of temporal lobe
-little similarity in patterns of brain activity between subjects
what does activity in area TE depend on?
complex combinations of features, including orientation, size, color and texture
objects activate WHAT based on the overall features they possess?
different combinations of cells
what may be the basis for categorization in area TE?
similar pattern of overall activity, despite small changes in the individual objects
what can alter the response patterns of TE neurons
experience and training
neurons in the temporal lobe form….
cortical columns that respond to categories of shapes
when is the recognition of faces impaired?
when they are presented inverted, suggesting there is a selective ability to recognize upright faces
where are specific cortical regions for recognizing upright faces located?
occipital and temporal lobes
lesions to what lobe has a greater impact on the ability to process faces?
right temporal lobe
what structures are involved in the core system (visual analysis) for face perception
-inferior occipital gyri
-fusiform face area
-superior temporal sulcus
what structures are involved in the extended system for face perception (further processing in concert with other neural systems)
anterior temporal cortex
auditory cortex
intraparietal sulcus
amygdala, insula, limbic system
multiple ________ maps exist in the temporal lobe, but the nature and function of these maps is not well understood
tonotopic
vowels tend to have a ….
constant frequency
consonants tend to…
change frequency rapidly
when are nonlinguistic sounds perceived as a buzz
if presented above 5 segments per second
typical speech occurs at ____-_____ segments per second
8-10
maximum comprehensible speech is about _____ segments per second
30
how is perceived speech processed and why?
processed in parallel pathways to extract meaning and to plan articulatory movements
what is language?
a rules based system that enables the exchange of information
what is syntax
the rules of grammar
what is semantics
the meaning of words
what is receptive language
taking in and comprehending information
what is expressive language
the ability to produce language
what does music perception require?
the interaction of multiple elements and the relationship between them
what is loudness
subjective magnitude of the sound
what is timbre
the distinct qualities or complexities of the sound
what is pitch
the subjective position of the sound on the musical scale and is related to frequency
the fundamental frequency is…
the lowest frequency of a note
what are overtones
higher frequencies included in the sound, and are generally multiples of the fundamental frequency
how can the auditory system still identify the fundamental frequency even if it is filtered out?
based on the overtones
what is important for music perception
rhythm , including the duration of the individual tones and the temporal regularity of the music
in frequency, pitch and rhythm: the left temporal lobe is predominant for what?
temporal grouping for rhythm
in frequency, pitch and rhythm: the right temporal lobe is predominant for what?
perceivinf meter
the brains of musicians have a greater volume of what?
gray matter in hechl’s gyrus. increases in the grey matter here are correlated with musical ability
areas associated with WHAT are also active during musical tasks?
the language network
which part of the pyriform cortex is contained within the temporal lobe?
posterior portion of pyriform cortex
the posterior pyriform cortex connects with what to connect the olfactory sensations to memory and emotion?
entorhinal and perirhinal cortices and the amygdala
extensive connections between entorhinal cortex and medial temporal lobe structures support…
memory
what do temporal lobe language networks involve?
the left inferior temporal gyrus, left supplementary motor area, left thalamus, and left posterior temporal cortex
what does face perception involve?
the inferior occipital cortex and the fusiform gyrus
what does damage to the primary auditory cortex impair?
the ability to discriminate rapidly presented and complex patterns of stimuli
what do patients with temporal lobe damage have difficulty with?
discriminating speech, reporting that people are talking too quickly
patients with temporal lobe damage need up to ________ milliseconds between sounds to correctly identify which occurred first, when control subjects only need 50-60 ms
500
damage to what brain region produces aphasia?
wernicke’s area
patients with damage to the right temporal lobe are impaired discriminating between what?
sounds of different pitch
difficulty discriminating between rhythms is associated with what?
damage to the right posterior superior temporal gyrus
difficulty discriminating between musical pieces with different meters is associated with what?
damage to anterior temporal lobe om either side
about 4% of the population has what?
congenital amusica (tone deaf), cannot be remedied with musical training
patients with damage to the right temporal lobe can describe a visual scene accurately, but fail to notice…
things that are out of place (dont fit schema)
patients with damage to the right temporal lobe fail to perceive or understand….
subtle social cues
for visual and auditory stimuli, attention can be focused on the left or right ear or visual field. what is true about patients with temporal lobe damage
impaired in shifting attention in this way
damage to the right temporal lobe results in ______ deficits in attention shifting
bilateral
damage to the left temporal lobe results in _____ deficits in attention shifting
unilateral
damage to the left temporal lobe results in impairment in
categorization :
-unable to place words into categories
-unable to use name members of a category such as “animals” when asked
temporal lobe seizures are often associated with what kind of auras?
olfactory
temporal lobe epilepsy and surgical damage to the temporal lobe to prevent seizures result in what?
impaired perception of odors and memory for odors
damage to the right temporal cortex impairs the ability of people to interpret what?
information from context (inability to use contextual information)
what is anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
removal of the medial temporal lobe results in what?
anterograde amnesia
damage to the inferotemporal cortex interferes with what?
conscious recall of information, greater damage = greater impairment
damage to the left hemisphere results in impairments for,….
verbal material
damage to the left hemisphere results in impairments for…
nonverbal material
stimulation of the medial temporal cortex produces feelings of…
fear
personality changes occur after damage to either lobe, but are more common after damage to which hemisphere?
right hemisphere
what is temporal lobe epilepsy associated with?
personality changes that emphasize trivia and details in daily life
bilateral damage to the amygdala results in what?
increased sexual behaviour
dichotic listening and visual object and space perception battery asses what?
auditory and visual processing
what does the Rey Complex Figure Test evaluate
nonverbal memory by asking subjects to remember to reproduce a complex figure
