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Psych 377 > Memory and Amnesia > Flashcards

Memory and Amnesia Flashcards

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1
Q

what kind of amnesia did HM have?

A

both anterograde and retrograde
-unable to form new memories
-retained ability to learn motor skills but did not remember that he had performed the task before
-lost some memories of events before the surgery

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2
Q

what are explicit memories

A

facts and events that we recall spontaneously and consciously

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3
Q

what are episodic memories

A

autobiographical

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4
Q

what are semantic memories

A

facts

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5
Q

what are implicit memories

A

motor skills that can be performed automatically without full awareness of how we do the task

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6
Q

what are emotional memories

A

include the affective properties of the stimulus

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7
Q

explicit memories are ______ while implicit memories are ______

A

conscious, nonconscious

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8
Q

inability to make new memories after the event is

A

anterograde amnesia

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9
Q

loss of memory from before the event is

A

retrograde

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10
Q

TBI often results in…

A

time-dependent retrograde amnesia

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11
Q

what is meant by calling retrograde amnesia time dependent

A

-might be able to access old memories and not more recent memories relative to the event

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12
Q

what is prospective memory

A

remembering things you intend to do

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13
Q

what is destination memory

A

memory for past interactions, such as who you told a story to

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14
Q

what is childhood or infantile amnesia

A

the inability to remember events from the first 4 years of life and difficulty recalling things that happened in about the first decade of life

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15
Q

what is an alternative hypothesis for childhood amnesia

A

the rapid proliferation of new hippocampal neurons early in life might disrupt stored memories

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16
Q

what is a fugue state

A

when an individual loses memory of their personal history, sudden and usually is transient

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17
Q

what might cause a fugue state

A

damage to memory systems of the medial temporal lobe

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18
Q

what is the autonoetic awareness of time

A

the awareness that there is a continuum from past to present to future and allows us to do mental time travel along this continuum

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19
Q

what does autonoetic awareness depend n

A

the hippocampus and frontal lobes, as damage to these areas can cause the loss of this self knowledge

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20
Q

what brain regions does semantic memory involve

A

regions of the temporal and frontal lobes that are distinct from the areas involved in episodic memory

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21
Q

does semantic memory have an autobiographical connection

A

no

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22
Q

a network of temporal lobe structures and parts of the ventral stream pathway support what kind of memoru

A

explicit

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23
Q

how do multiple thalamic nuclei support explicit memory?

A

because they serve to relay information from the prefrontal cortex to the temporal lobe

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24
Q

how many gyri does the hippocampus include

A

two

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25
Q

the cells of the hippocampus are sensitive to what, and what are the most sensitive?

A

oxygen deprivation
-CA1 most sensitive, followed by the other CA cells, then stellate cells of dentate gyrus

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26
Q

oxygen deprivation of hippocampal cells can lead to what?

A

memory impaitments

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27
Q

how does the hippocampus connect to the posterior parietal and temporal cortex?

A

via the perforant path

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28
Q

how does the hippocampus connect to the thalamus and prefrontal cortex?

A

via the fimbria fornix

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29
Q

patients with damage to the CA1 region have a few years of…

A

retrograde amnesia

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30
Q

when does the hippocampus store memories

A

when they are formed

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31
Q

early damage to the hippocampus results in what

A

profound problems with episodic memory, but fairly normal semantic memory

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32
Q

damage to the hippocampal connections resembles….

A

amnesia associated with damage to the hippocampus itseld

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33
Q

what does the rhinal cortex of the temporal lobe include

A

the perirhinal and entorhinal cortex and is part of the pathway for information flowing into the hippocampus from the neocortex

34
Q

the rhinal cortex is often damaged in patients with…

A

medial-temporal-lobe lesions, making it difficult to determine what deficits are due to hippocampal damage and which are due to rhinal cortex damage

35
Q

in a lesion study with monkeys, lesions to the hippocampus resulted in…

A

no problems with object recognition, but the use od context was impaired

36
Q

in a lesion study with monkeys, lesions to the rhinal cortex resulted in….

A

impaired object recognition

37
Q

damage to the right temporal cortex impairs…

A

face recognition, spatial position, and maze learning

38
Q

damage to the left temporal lobe impairs memory for…

A

word lists, lists of consonants, and nonspatial associations

39
Q

bilateral lesions of the parietal and occipital lobes can result in…

A

specific forms of amnesia, including color amnesia, prosopagnosia, object anomia, and topographic amnesia

40
Q

damage to the left prefrontal cortex is predicted to interfere with…

A

encoding semantic and episodic memories

41
Q

damage to the right prefrontal cortex is predicted to inferfere with…

A

retrieving episodic memoru

42
Q

implicit memory includes…

A

learned skills and conditioned reactions that are nonconscious

43
Q

using language and motor skills relies on…

A

implicit memory

44
Q

what is priming

A

an experimental test of implicit memory in which a stimulus is presented initially to make it more likely for the subject to respond later to the same or a similar stimulus

45
Q

patients with amnesia do __________________________ control subjects saying the word that was on the studied list or id-ing a previously seen picture, even though the patients do not remember the training

A

about as well as

46
Q

what does the proposed implicit memory circuit suggest?

A

that multiple regions of the cortex and substantia nigra project to the basal ganglia, which projects to the premotor cortex

47
Q

what do brain-imaging studies during the pursuit rotor implicit memory task find?

A

increased activity in the basal ganglia, motor cortex, and cerebellum

48
Q

patients with Huntington disease have…

A

degeneration of the basal ganglia

49
Q

what are Huntington’s patients impaired on

A

classic tests of implicit memory (such as mirror drawing)

50
Q

what is parkinson disease characterized by

A

impairments of the basal ganglia

51
Q

successful treatment of Parkinson disease with L-dopa also improves…

A

implicit memory

52
Q

cerebellum is involved in what sort of tasks?

A

classical conditioning tasks

53
Q

cerebellar lesions in rabbits prevent what?

A

prevent the rabbits from learning the cue that a puff of air is coming, so they should blink their eye

54
Q

which neurotransmitters ascending from the brainstem are associated with memory?

A

cholinergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, domapinergic

55
Q

impairements in which neurotransmitter system are associated with Alzheimer disease?

A

cholinergic

56
Q

amnesia can result from damage to the ascending ________ and __________ cells simultaneously

A

cholinergic and serotonergic

57
Q

memory for the affective properties of a stimulus involve both…

A

bottom-up and top-down processing

58
Q

fear conditioning uses a _____ stimulus paired with a ______ stimulus to evoke an emotional response

A

noxious and neutral

59
Q

amygdala is involved in…

A

fear conditioninf

60
Q

what is the amygdala made of

A

many nuclei, including the basolateral complex, the cortical nucleus, and the central nucleus

61
Q

regions of the amygdala influence…

A

the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamus

62
Q

damage to the amygdala impairs ________ memory, but not ________ or ________ memory

A

emotional, but not implicit or explicit

63
Q

short term memory for object information uses the _________ stream and for motor information uses the ________ stream, both of which project to the frontal lobe

A

ventral, dorsal

64
Q

patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe retain…

A

normal short term memory

65
Q

patients with damage to the ____________________ or ________________ have short term memory impairments

A

posterior temporal lobe or temporo-parieto-occipital junction

66
Q

_______________ damage is often associated with short term memory impairments

A

frontal-lobe

67
Q

patients with _____________________ damage are significantly impaired on the recency test

A

frontal lobe

68
Q

________ damage is most significant for verbal material, and _________ damage is most significant for nonverbal material

A

left-frontal-lobe
right-frontal-lobe

69
Q

in proactive interference, the ______ lists interfered with the ability to recall information on the __________ lists

A

earlier, later/similar

70
Q

in monkeys, neurons in the ________ ______ fire when monkeys are remembering specific objects for a short time

A

frontal cortex

71
Q

which population of neurons is active if monkeys remember the location of the object

A

BA 8

72
Q

which population of neurons encode object recognition

A

BA 9 and 46

73
Q

what is savant syndrome

A

when some individuals can remember large amounts of information for long periods of time (ex: case study of S.)

74
Q

what other condition did S. have>?

A

synesthesia

75
Q

what causes superior autobiographical memory

A

increased gray matter in temporal and parietal lobes and larger fiber projections to the frontal lobe

76
Q

for a study of ST-visual memory, fMRI showed activity in the attentional, salience, visual, and default networks, therefore,,,

A

most of the neocortex was involved in a single short term memory task

77
Q

what is the system consolidation theory:

A

hippocampus consolidates new memories, which are then stored elsewhere in the cortex

78
Q

what is multiple trace theory:

A

different aspects of the memory ( autobiographical components, factual semantic components, etc) are stored in different parts of the cortex simultaneously

79
Q

what is reconsolidation theory:

A

as memories are recalled, they are changed or edited before being reconsolidated in their new form

80
Q

what is trace transformation theory:

A

memories are initially encoded in the posterior hippocampus, but move to the anterior hippocampus, then to the medial prefrontal cortex, losinf detail with each transformation

Psych 377 (11 decks)

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