Memory and Amnesia Flashcards
what kind of amnesia did HM have?
both anterograde and retrograde
-unable to form new memories
-retained ability to learn motor skills but did not remember that he had performed the task before
-lost some memories of events before the surgery
what are explicit memories
facts and events that we recall spontaneously and consciously
what are episodic memories
autobiographical
what are semantic memories
facts
what are implicit memories
motor skills that can be performed automatically without full awareness of how we do the task
what are emotional memories
include the affective properties of the stimulus
explicit memories are ______ while implicit memories are ______
conscious, nonconscious
inability to make new memories after the event is
anterograde amnesia
loss of memory from before the event is
retrograde
TBI often results in…
time-dependent retrograde amnesia
what is meant by calling retrograde amnesia time dependent
-might be able to access old memories and not more recent memories relative to the event
what is prospective memory
remembering things you intend to do
what is destination memory
memory for past interactions, such as who you told a story to
what is childhood or infantile amnesia
the inability to remember events from the first 4 years of life and difficulty recalling things that happened in about the first decade of life
what is an alternative hypothesis for childhood amnesia
the rapid proliferation of new hippocampal neurons early in life might disrupt stored memories
what is a fugue state
when an individual loses memory of their personal history, sudden and usually is transient
what might cause a fugue state
damage to memory systems of the medial temporal lobe
what is the autonoetic awareness of time
the awareness that there is a continuum from past to present to future and allows us to do mental time travel along this continuum
what does autonoetic awareness depend n
the hippocampus and frontal lobes, as damage to these areas can cause the loss of this self knowledge
what brain regions does semantic memory involve
regions of the temporal and frontal lobes that are distinct from the areas involved in episodic memory
does semantic memory have an autobiographical connection
no
a network of temporal lobe structures and parts of the ventral stream pathway support what kind of memoru
explicit
how do multiple thalamic nuclei support explicit memory?
because they serve to relay information from the prefrontal cortex to the temporal lobe
how many gyri does the hippocampus include
two
the cells of the hippocampus are sensitive to what, and what are the most sensitive?
oxygen deprivation
-CA1 most sensitive, followed by the other CA cells, then stellate cells of dentate gyrus
oxygen deprivation of hippocampal cells can lead to what?
memory impaitments
how does the hippocampus connect to the posterior parietal and temporal cortex?
via the perforant path
how does the hippocampus connect to the thalamus and prefrontal cortex?
via the fimbria fornix
patients with damage to the CA1 region have a few years of…
retrograde amnesia
when does the hippocampus store memories
when they are formed
early damage to the hippocampus results in what
profound problems with episodic memory, but fairly normal semantic memory
damage to the hippocampal connections resembles….
amnesia associated with damage to the hippocampus itseld
what does the rhinal cortex of the temporal lobe include
the perirhinal and entorhinal cortex and is part of the pathway for information flowing into the hippocampus from the neocortex
the rhinal cortex is often damaged in patients with…
medial-temporal-lobe lesions, making it difficult to determine what deficits are due to hippocampal damage and which are due to rhinal cortex damage
in a lesion study with monkeys, lesions to the hippocampus resulted in…
no problems with object recognition, but the use od context was impaired
in a lesion study with monkeys, lesions to the rhinal cortex resulted in….
impaired object recognition
damage to the right temporal cortex impairs…
face recognition, spatial position, and maze learning
damage to the left temporal lobe impairs memory for…
word lists, lists of consonants, and nonspatial associations
bilateral lesions of the parietal and occipital lobes can result in…
specific forms of amnesia, including color amnesia, prosopagnosia, object anomia, and topographic amnesia
damage to the left prefrontal cortex is predicted to interfere with…
encoding semantic and episodic memories
damage to the right prefrontal cortex is predicted to inferfere with…
retrieving episodic memoru
implicit memory includes…
learned skills and conditioned reactions that are nonconscious
using language and motor skills relies on…
implicit memory
what is priming
an experimental test of implicit memory in which a stimulus is presented initially to make it more likely for the subject to respond later to the same or a similar stimulus
patients with amnesia do __________________________ control subjects saying the word that was on the studied list or id-ing a previously seen picture, even though the patients do not remember the training
about as well as
what does the proposed implicit memory circuit suggest?
that multiple regions of the cortex and substantia nigra project to the basal ganglia, which projects to the premotor cortex
what do brain-imaging studies during the pursuit rotor implicit memory task find?
increased activity in the basal ganglia, motor cortex, and cerebellum
patients with Huntington disease have…
degeneration of the basal ganglia
what are Huntington’s patients impaired on
classic tests of implicit memory (such as mirror drawing)
what is parkinson disease characterized by
impairments of the basal ganglia
successful treatment of Parkinson disease with L-dopa also improves…
implicit memory
cerebellum is involved in what sort of tasks?
classical conditioning tasks
cerebellar lesions in rabbits prevent what?
prevent the rabbits from learning the cue that a puff of air is coming, so they should blink their eye
which neurotransmitters ascending from the brainstem are associated with memory?
cholinergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, domapinergic
impairements in which neurotransmitter system are associated with Alzheimer disease?
cholinergic
amnesia can result from damage to the ascending ________ and __________ cells simultaneously
cholinergic and serotonergic
memory for the affective properties of a stimulus involve both…
bottom-up and top-down processing
fear conditioning uses a _____ stimulus paired with a ______ stimulus to evoke an emotional response
noxious and neutral
amygdala is involved in…
fear conditioninf
what is the amygdala made of
many nuclei, including the basolateral complex, the cortical nucleus, and the central nucleus
regions of the amygdala influence…
the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamus
damage to the amygdala impairs ________ memory, but not ________ or ________ memory
emotional, but not implicit or explicit
short term memory for object information uses the _________ stream and for motor information uses the ________ stream, both of which project to the frontal lobe
ventral, dorsal
patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe retain…
normal short term memory
patients with damage to the ____________________ or ________________ have short term memory impairments
posterior temporal lobe or temporo-parieto-occipital junction
_______________ damage is often associated with short term memory impairments
frontal-lobe
patients with _____________________ damage are significantly impaired on the recency test
frontal lobe
________ damage is most significant for verbal material, and _________ damage is most significant for nonverbal material
left-frontal-lobe
right-frontal-lobe
in proactive interference, the ______ lists interfered with the ability to recall information on the __________ lists
earlier, later/similar
in monkeys, neurons in the ________ ______ fire when monkeys are remembering specific objects for a short time
frontal cortex
which population of neurons is active if monkeys remember the location of the object
BA 8
which population of neurons encode object recognition
BA 9 and 46
what is savant syndrome
when some individuals can remember large amounts of information for long periods of time (ex: case study of S.)
what other condition did S. have>?
synesthesia
what causes superior autobiographical memory
increased gray matter in temporal and parietal lobes and larger fiber projections to the frontal lobe
for a study of ST-visual memory, fMRI showed activity in the attentional, salience, visual, and default networks, therefore,,,
most of the neocortex was involved in a single short term memory task
what is the system consolidation theory:
hippocampus consolidates new memories, which are then stored elsewhere in the cortex
what is multiple trace theory:
different aspects of the memory ( autobiographical components, factual semantic components, etc) are stored in different parts of the cortex simultaneously
what is reconsolidation theory:
as memories are recalled, they are changed or edited before being reconsolidated in their new form
what is trace transformation theory:
memories are initially encoded in the posterior hippocampus, but move to the anterior hippocampus, then to the medial prefrontal cortex, losinf detail with each transformation
