Organization of the Motor System

Question 1

initiating and producing movement requires the interaction of what from where?

Answer 1

information from the senses and entire brain

Question 2

what is the role of the motor cortex in movement

Answer 2

to plan and initiate

Question 3

what is the role of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in movement

Answer 3

to coordinzte

Question 4

what is the spinal cords’ role in movement

Answer 4

to send information to the muscles

Question 5

what is the sequential production of movement of grabbing a cup?

Answer 5

1) visual info required to locate target
2) frontal lobe motor areas plan the reach and command the movement
3) spinal cord carries info to hand
4) motor neurons carry message to muscles of the hand and forearm
5) sensory receptors on the fingers send message to sensory cortex saying the cup has been grasped
6) spinal cord carries sensory information to brain
7) basal ganglia judge grasp forces, and cerebellum corrects movement errors
8) sensory cortex receives the message that the cup has been grasped

Question 6

what brodmanns areas are given to the parietal cortex?

Answer 6

5 and 7

Question 7

what is the role of the parietal cortex in initiating movement?

Answer 7

parietal cortex integrates information from the senses and initiates movements based on sensory information

Question 8

what brodmanns areas are the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 8

9,10,11,45,46,47

Question 9

what role does the prefrontal cortex have in initiating movement?

Answer 9

prefrontal cortex plans movements based on experiences, goals, and sensory input

Question 10

what brodmanns area is the premotor cortex?

Answer 10

BA 6

Question 11

what is the role of the pre motor cortex in initiating movement?

Answer 11

coordinates whole-body movements and organizes action sequences

Question 12

what brodmanns area is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 12

BA 4

Question 13

what is the role of the primary motor cortex in initiating movement?

Answer 13

produces simple movements, such as hand movements to use/manipulate tools

Question 14

what are the 4 stages in initiating motor sequences?

Answer 14

parietal cortex sends goals –> prefrontal cortex plans–> premotor cortex sequences –> motor cortex executes actions

Question 15

as movement complexity increases, __________ brain areas are _____ to coordinate the movement

Answer 15

additional, recruited

Question 16

where does blood flood increase when participants tap their finger?

Answer 16

primary motor cortex and adjacent parietal cortex

Question 17

where does blood flow increase when participants perform a motor sequence?

Answer 17

premotor cortex

Question 18

where does blood flow increase when participants used a finger to navigate a maze?

Answer 18

prefrontal, temporal, parietal cortexes

Question 19

electrical stimulation of which part of the brain triggered movements of different parts of the body?

Answer 19

precentral gyrus

Question 20

stimulation to the cortex immediately ______ to the primary motor cortex also elicited movement

Answer 20

anterior

Question 21

the motor homunculus is similar to what?

Answer 21

somatosensory homonculus

Question 22

how is the body represented in the motor homonculus

Answer 22

upside down

Question 23

where are the feet represented in the motor homonculus

Answer 23

central fissure

Question 24

where is the head represented in the motor homunculus

Answer 24

near the inferior lateral surface

Question 25

what areas of the body have the largest representations in the motor homunculus

Answer 25

mouth and hands, which are areas associated w fine motor control

Question 26

which layer do modern techniques using microelectrodes penetrate to?

Answer 26

V

Question 27

how many different possible homunculi are there in the motor cortex?

Answer 27

10

Question 28

are all representations in the motor cortex mapped in the same way as the original example?

Answer 28

no

Question 29

what do brief electrical stimulations produce?

Answer 29

movements of a specific body part

Question 30

what types of behaviours do longer stimulations result in?

Answer 30

ethological behaviours

Question 31

what are ethological behaviours

Answer 31

behaviors the animal might use in everyday activities

Question 32

what are examples of ethological behaviours

Answer 32

defensive postures, hand to mouth, chewing, licking, hand in lower space, manipulate object in central space, reaching, climbing, leaping

Question 33

what does a definition of an ethological movement include

Answer 33

the part of the body to be moved, the destination to which the movement is directed, and the function of the movement

Question 34

organization of the homunculus is somewhat maintained by

Answer 34

the ethological movements

Question 35

in terms of ethological movements, where are hand movements found in the homunculus

Answer 35

ventral

Question 36

in terms of ethological movements, where are movements of hand to mouth found in the homunculus

Answer 36

most ventral

Question 37

in terms of ethological movements, where are more complex whole body movements in the homunculus

Answer 37

premotor area

Question 38

how can ethological movements be elicited?

Answer 38

stimulation of parietal cortex

Question 39

stepping movements are triggered by

Answer 39

dorsal stimulation

Question 40

hand movements are triggered by

Answer 40

ventral stimulation

Question 41

movements evoked from parietal lobe map in a manner similar to those caused by what?

Answer 41

stimulation of the frontal lobe

Question 42

mouth movements are triggered by

Answer 42

most ventral stimulation

Question 43

what sort of sensory location about an object is needed to reach it successfully?

Answer 43

nature and locations

Question 44

which movement is a developmental milestone for the first few months of life that gets refined over time?

Answer 44

pincer grip

Question 45

damage to the cortical motor areas impair what?

Answer 45

the entire movement, not just the one part of the body or muscle that corresponds to the damage

Question 46

movements to replace the impaired movement are controlled by what?

Answer 46

an intact part of the cortex, such as a pincer grip being replaced by a whole hand grip

Question 47

evidence from stroke suggests that movements are encoded in

Answer 47

multiple areas of the cortex

Question 48

damage to the primary motor cortex produces what?

Answer 48

muscle weakness and impairs individual movements

Question 49

damage to the premotor cortex impairs what?

Answer 49

complex movemebts involving multiple body parts

Question 50

what seems to be the role of the neocortex and motor planning areas

Answer 50

to involve blending prelearned movements like walking or climbing

Question 51

in the experiment where monkeys flex their wrists to rotate a lever, what demonstrates that there may be motor cortex participation in planning?

Answer 51

neural activity increasing before movement

Question 52

in the experiment where monkeys flex their wrists to rotate a lever, what does the neural activity continuing throughout movement suggest?

Answer 52

motor cortex participation in execution

Question 53

in the experiment where monkeys flex their wrists to rotate a lever, what does the fact that neural activity increases over a no-weight condition mean?

Answer 53

that motor cortex neurons code force of movement

Question 54

where are mirror neurons found

Answer 54

ventral premotor area

Question 55

when are mirror neurons active

Answer 55

both when an animal is performing a movement and when it is observing someone else making the same movement

Question 56

what types of mirror neurons are less specific and respond to broad classes of movements?

Answer 56

core mirror neurons

Question 57

where have additional mirror neurons been identified?

Answer 57

temporal and parietal lobes

Question 58

what does the basal ganglia include

Answer 58

caudate, pputamen, globus pallidus

Question 59

where does the basal ganglia receive input from

Answer 59

the cortex and substantia nigra in the midbrain

Question 60

what is the procedure of movement in the subcortical motor cortex

Answer 60

substantia nigra -> caudate -> thalamus -> cortex -> movement

Question 61

what sort of damage do hyperkinetic symptoms result from?

Answer 61

damage to caudate and putamen

Question 62

what are the dyskinesias involved in hyperkinetic disorders?

Answer 62

unwanted writhing and twitching movements

Question 63

name some examples of hyperkinetic disorders

Answer 63

huntington disease, tourettes

Question 64

how do hypokinetic symptoms come about?

Answer 64

result from loss of dopamine input from substantia nigra

Question 65

what are hypokinetic symptoms associated with?

Answer 65

difficulty making voluntary movements

Question 66

what is an example of a hypokinetic disorder

Answer 66

parkinsons

Question 67

what does the combination of hypokinetic symptoms and hyperkinetic symptoms suggest about the role of the basal ganglia?

Answer 67

that it serves to modulate movement

Question 68

where does the output of the interior portion of the globus pallidus (GPi) project to?

Answer 68

thalamus and motor cortex

Question 69

what happens if the predominant input to the GPi is inhibitory?

Answer 69

then the region fails to inhibit the thalamus, and movement occurs

Question 70

what happens if the predominant input to the GPi is excitatory?

Answer 70

then the GPi inhibits the thalamus, and movement is prevented

Question 71

decreasing activity in the GPI decreases what?

Answer 71

symptoms of parkinsons

Question 72

what is the direct pathway of regulating movement force within the cortex?

Answer 72

cortex to thalamus back to cortex to brainstem and spinal cord

Question 73

what is the indirect pathway of regulating movement force within the cortex?

Answer 73

putamen, Gp external, subthalamic nucleus, GPi

Question 74

what is the cerebellum important for?

Answer 74

acquiring and maintaining motor skills

Question 75

what does the cerebellum include?

Answer 75

two hemispheres and a small horizontal lobe called the flocculus

Question 76

describe the role of the flocculus

Answer 76

recieves info from the vestibular system and is involved in balance

Question 77

midline areas of the cerebellum control what

Answer 77

midline of the body

Question 78

lateral areas of the cerebellum are involved in what

Answer 78

movements of limbs and hands

Question 79

what is the role of the cerebellum in movement?

Answer 79

timing movements, monitoring movement accuracy

Question 80

damage to the cerebellum impairs what in terms of movement?

Answer 80

the ability to move at a regular rhythm and the ability to accurately perceive time

Question 81

when distortion goggles were removed, patients with an intact cerebellum threw ____________________________________________, but patients with cerebellar damage were ____

Answer 81

incorrectly at the target and had to compensate, on target and did not have to correct

Question 82

when the cortex sends a motor command to the spinal cord, where else does it send a copy

Answer 82

to the cerebellum

Question 83

what type of sensory info is sent to the cerebellum

Answer 83

from the muscles and the visual system

Question 84

how does the cerebellum go about adjusting movement?

Answer 84

compares the intention (motor output) with the results (the sensory input) and then generates a correction to achieve the desired results

Question 85

which part of the cortex sends a copy of movement instructions to the cerebellum

Answer 85

inferior olive

Question 86

where does the main motor pathway originate

Answer 86

in the motor cortex

Question 87

what sort of information do the spinal cord pathways provide?

Answer 87

input about balance and posture to refine the movement commanded by the cortex

Question 88

movements specified by the brainstem tend to be what?

Answer 88

coarse movements of the entire body

Question 89

what does electrical stimulation of thebrainstem areas produce

Answer 89

behaviours such as arched back and erect hair in a cat, or walking or running behaviours

Question 90

in terms of electrical stimulation of the brainstem, the timing of the behaviour depended on what

Answer 90

timing of the stimulation

Question 91

in terms of electrical stimulation of the brainstem, the intensity of behaviour was determined by what

Answer 91

the magnitude of the stimulation

Question 92

what is the role of the spinal cord in the chain of command to execute motion

Answer 92

the final pathway to convert motor plans into movements

Question 93

corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts project from ____________ to ________

Answer 93

cortex to spinal cord

Question 94

what to corticobulbar tracts control?

Answer 94

facial movements

Question 95

what do corticospinal tracts influence

Answer 95

movement of the limbs, digits and body

Question 96

where to corticospinal tracts originate

Answer 96

somatosensory areas, cortex, and pre motor cortex

Question 97

where do corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts originate?

Answer 97

layer V of cortex

Question 98

where do approximately 95% of the descending motor pathways decussate on?

Answer 98

ventral surface of the brainstem, resulting in a bump called the pyramids

Question 99

what is true of the lateral corticospinal tract?

Answer 99

it decussates and influences the movements of limbs and digits CONTRALATERAL to the hemisphere where the motor command originated

Question 100

what is true of the anterior corticospinal tract?

Answer 100

it does not decussate and controls the movements of the trunk

Question 101

what does the lateral corticospinal tract move?

Answer 101

limbs and digits

Question 102

what does the anterior corticospinal tract move?

Answer 102

muscles in the body's midline

Question 103

what structures provide the output connection between the nervous system and the muscles?

Answer 103

the motor neurons of the spinal cord

Question 104

where do neurons from the corticospinal tracts synapse?

Answer 104

on both interneurons and motor neurons

Question 105

what do lateral motor neurons influence

Answer 105

fingers and hand

Question 106

what do intermediate motor neurons control

Answer 106

limbs

Question 107

what do medial motor neurons control

Answer 107

the trunk

Question 108

muscles that control the limbs are arranged into _____, ___________ and ___________

Answer 108

pairs, flexors and extensors

Question 109

what do extensor muscles do

Answer 109

move limb away from trunk

Question 110

what do flexor muscles do

Answer 110

move limb toward the trunk

Question 111

what is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction

Answer 111

ach