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Psych 377 > The Parietal Lobes and Networks > Flashcards

The Parietal Lobes and Networks Flashcards

1
Q

what does the parietal lobe do?

A

processes and integrates sensory information

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2
Q

why are left parietal lobe injuries difficult to model in animals

A

because most experimental animals have smaller parietal lobes and lack higher cognitive functions

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3
Q

what are the major parietal lobe gyri and sulci

A

-postcentral gyrus
-superior parietal lobule
-intraparietal sulcus
-supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus in the inferior parietal lobe

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4
Q

what are brodmann’s cytoacrhtectonic regions of the parietal lobe?

A

1,2,3,5,7,39,40,43

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5
Q

what are the von economo’s cytoarchitectonic regions of the parietal lobe?

A

PA, PB, PC, PD, PE, PF, PG

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6
Q

what are the precuneus regions of the parietal lobes

A

cingulate gyrus and precuneus region

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7
Q

which particular part of parietal cortex has expanded greatly in human evolution?

A

inferior portion

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8
Q

where does the dorsal stream project to?

A

several parietal areas

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9
Q

how many regions is the precuneus divided into and what are their functions?

A

three, anterior (sensorimotor functions), central (cognitive functions) and posterior (visual functions)

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10
Q

where do somatosensory areas of the postcentral gyrus project to?

A

secondary somatosensory areas in the parietal lobe as well as motor planning and motor control areas in the frontal lobe

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11
Q

what is area PE/Brodmann’s area 5?

A

a secondary somatosensory area that projects to motor areas 4, 6 and 8 to guide movement by providing information about limb position

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12
Q

what is area PF/brodmann’s area 7?

A

it receives input from somatosensory areas via PE and projects to motor areas, is similar to area PE

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13
Q

what does area PG do?

A

integrates information from visual, somatosensory, auditory, vestibular, and oculomotor systems with cognitive input from the cingulate to control spatially guided behavior

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14
Q

where does the parietal lobe recieve innervation from

A

prefrontal cortex, and sends projections to same regions of the paralimbic and temporal cortex as the PFC does

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15
Q

dorsal visual stream seems to contain information about “_____”

A

how

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16
Q

what are the 3 pathways that are proposed to make up the dorsal steam?

A

1) Parieto-premotor pathway is primary “how” pathway for motor control
2) Parietal-prefrontal pathway is involved with working memory for visuospatial objects
3) parieto-medial-temporal pathway projects to the hippocampus and parahippocampal region and is suggested to be important for spatial recognition and navigation

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17
Q

what is the posterior parietal cortex important for

A

visuospatial behaviours

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18
Q

what are the more ventral regions of the parietal cortex for?

A

perceptual functions

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19
Q

what does the anterior region of the parietal lobe process

A

somatosensory information

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20
Q

posterior region integrates ____________ and ________ information with the aim of controlling movement

A

somatosensory and visual

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21
Q

what is the parietal lobe involved in?

A

creating a multisensory map of the world around us to enable us to interact effortlessly with the world

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22
Q

why is spatial info about objects important?

A

to direct actions to those objects and to understand their significance

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23
Q

how is location a property of an object?

A

form, color, motion etc

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24
Q

_______ lobe seems to encode information about how objects relate to each other

A

temporal

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25
for movement guidance, the representation needs to be centered...
on the viewer
26
for object recognition, the focus needs to be ___________ ___________ and much of the _______ __________ information is ignored
object centered, viewer centered
27
eye movements are based on
position of the eye
28
limb control is based on
the position of the joints
29
_______ ________ __________ plays a significant role in guiding visuomotor behaviors
posterior parietal cortex
30
activity of neurons in posterior parietal cortex depends on what?
the visual stimulation and the ongoing behaviours of the individual
31
neurons in the posterior parietal cortex integrate what?
sensory info, motivations, and motor control information
32
when do the neurons in the posterior parietal cortex get more active?
when the individual shifts attention toward or makes a movement toward the target
33
what is sensorimotor transformation
the integration of movement intention with sensory feedback about how the intended movement compares with the actual movement to perform smooth movements towards the target
34
area _____ is involved in motor planning by encoding the desired outcome of the movement
PRR
35
recordings from area PRR can be used to...
control a prosthetic device
36
in the tactile discrimination task performed on a rat, neurons were stimulated in the parietal cortex using the activity patterns of a first rat. what was the result in the second rat?
the second rat "knew" how to do the task without ever being physically trained onit
37
in the 'moving with the mind' task, when were monkeys rewarded?
if their brain activity indicates that they are preparing to move to the correct target location
38
what region does research suggest is important for route knowledge in humans?
medial parietal region
39
cells in the medial parietal region are active when?
when a specific movement is made at a particular location
40
if the medial parietal region is inactivated in a monkey, what happens?
the animal gets lost and cannot navigate correctly
41
damage to which region impairs the ability to tell left from right, as well as the mental manipulation of objects?
posterior parietal damage
42
what is the condition when you are unable to perform calculations?
acalucalia
43
why does acalaculia result from dysfunction of parietal lobe?
math can be interpreted as having a spatial component, especially when having to borrow in a subtraction problem
44
why might patients with posterior parietal damage have language difficulties?
because of the spatial components of language ie: tap versus pat, sentence structure
45
posterior parietal damage makes it difficult to copy
observed movements
46
damage to the postcentral gyrus and adjacent posterior parietal cortex results in what?
somatosensory symptoms
47
what does damage to the postcentrul gyrus result in?
high sensory thresholds, impaired ability to sense position, and impaired stereognosis
48
with ____ ____, lesions to the postcentral gyrus result in loss of feedback about the positions of the limbs, resulting in clumsy movements
afferent paresis
49
what is stereognosis?
ability to identify an object by touch
50
what is astereognosis?
loss of the ability to identify an object by touch
51
what happens in simultaneous extinction?
a subject is presented with two objects at the same time, but patients with damage to the secondary somatosensory cortex notice and report only one of the objects
52
what is numb touch?
-somatosensory equivalent of blind sight -patients report loss of sensation from a region but can accurately report where they were touched within that region
53
what is asomatognosia?
a condition where the patient loses knowledge about their own body or condition
54
what is anosognosia
unawareness of illness
55
what is anosodiaphoria?
indifference to illness
56
what is autopagnosia?
inability to name and locate body parts
57
what is aysmbolia for pain?
lack of typical avoidance reactions to pain
58
what is finger agnosia and what is it associated with?
autopagnosia for fingers, associated with dyscalculia
59
how does balint syndrom originate?
from bilateral parietal lesions
60
what are some symptoms of balint syndrome?
-patients have normal vision and can recognize and use objects, pictures, and colors -could move eyes but not fixate on a target -have simultagnosia -have optic ataxia and was unable to reach a specified target with visual guidance
61
what is contralateral neglect?
-associated with right parietal stoke -wen patients neglect the left half of their body and the world -dont usually know that there is anything wrong
62
how can patients recover from contralateral neglect?
by starting to respond to stimuli on the neglected side of the body as if they were on the intact side
63
how can contralateral neglect be induced in healthy individuals?
-by applying TMS to the right intraparietal sulcus and angular gurys
64
how can neglect occur from an injury?
from damage to frontal lobes, cingulate cortex, or subcortical regions
65
how damage to posterior parietal impact object recognition?
-patients have difficulty recognizing objects in unfamiliar views or orientations, may have difficult mentally rotating image to try to make it look like the normal view
66
Gerstmann syndrome occurs as a result of damage to what area?
left parietal lobe around area PG
67
what is typically involved in Gerstmann syndrome?
finger agnosia, left-right confusion, agraphia, and acalculia
68
other left parietal lesions are associated with symptoms including:
-difficulties with writing, reading and grammar -apraxia -dyscalculia -decreased digit span in verbal working memory -difficulty with left-right discrimination
69
what is agraphia
inability to write
70
what is apraxia
loss of skilled movement
71
in cases of ideomotor apraxia, patients are unable to...
copy movements made by other people
72
what type of lesion is ideomotor apraxia associated with?
left-parietal lobe lesions
73
in cases of construction apraxia, patients have issues with...
spatial organization and are unable to assemble puzzles, draw pictures, or copy facial movements
74
what type of damage is construction apraxia associated with?
posterior-parietal-lobe damage to the left or right hemispheres
75
impairments in drawing ability are most severe following damage to which parietal lobe?
right
76
what is true of patients's drawings who had left-parietal damage?
produced fewer recognizable drawings and used fewer lines
77
what is true of the paintings of patients with right-parietal damage>
tended to neglect the left side of an image
78
explain how parietal lesions impact drawing ability relating to language and fine motor control
-drawing an object requires a mental list of things to include. it requires some language skill to make the list. a convincing drawing requires fine motor control. both language and fine motor control are impaired following parietal lesions, contributing to poor drawing ability
79
what does shifting attention involve?
resetting the visuomotor guidance system, associated with the parietal lobe, from one target to the next target
80
what do tasks such as mental rotation require?
both the formation of a mental image and manipulation of that image
81
left-parietal-lobe damage may impair what?
the formation of the mental image
82
right-parietal-lobe damage may impair what?
the manipulation of the image
83
damage to the left and right parietal lobes result in deficits of what?
deficits in spatial cognition
84
what deficits seem to be most lateralized to left lobe lesions?
right left discrimination and Weigl;s sorting test
85
what deficits seem to be most lateralized to right lobe lesions?
unilateral neglect, dressing disability, cube counting, paper cutting, and topographical loss
86
what could overlapping symptoms be due to?
the preferred cognitive mode of the patient
87
lesions localized to a single brain area are ......
rare, so symptoms do not tend to present clearly
88
what are some examples of neuropsychological assessments used to examine parietal-lobe function?
two-point discrimination, Seguin-Goddard Form, Board (tactile patterns), line bisection, Gollin incomplete figures, Mooney closure, right-left differentiation, Token and Kimura Box
89
describe the premise of the somatosensory threshold assessment test
-subject is blindfolded and has to report whether they felt one or two touches -two points are initially set about 3 cm apart, and the distance is reduced until the subject detects only a single touvh
90
describe the premise of the tactile form recognition assessment test
-subject is blindfolded and manipulates blocks of basic shapes to place them in a similarly shaped hole on a board -shapes and board are removed ,and subject is asked to draw the shapes from memory -shape manipulation likely involves aera PE and PF, and the drawing task likely involves area PG
91
describe the premise of the visual perception task
patients have to draw the remainder of incomplete pictures of faces or objects -sensitive to damage or right temporoparietal junction
92
describe the spatial relations task
-pictures of hands, feet, ears, and other body parts are presented in different orientations, and patients have to identify them as left or right -verbal version asks patient to touch right ear with left hand -sensitive to left-patietal-lobe damage and left-frontal-lobe damage
93
describe the premise of the language test
-Token Test has four shapes in each of five colors -sensorimotor tasks start simple and get more involved -impairments associated with damage to area PG in the left hemisphere
94
what is the premise of the Kimura Box test
-asks patients to make a sequence of precise movements
95
what happens in the token test
-may ask subjects to touch the white square, as a simple example, or touch the blue circle then the red triangle, as a more difficult example
96
functional MRI studies suggest the parietal lobe is involved in more __________ than predicted from lesion studies
behaviors
97
which part of the parietal-lobe network is active in the default mode network?
inferior parietal lobule
98
which part of the parietal lobe network is involved i attention, language, memory, social processing, and self-perceptiom
temporoparietal junction
99
which side of the temporoparietal junction favors attention?
right
100
the left side of the temporopariietal junction favors what?
memory and language
101
what is involved in the parietal memory network?
precuneus, angular gyrus, and midcingulate cortex
102
parietal memory network is involved in what?
learning and memory
103
what does the dorsolateral parietal network connect?
prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex, and hippocampus to perform a variety of spatial functions
104
what is the inferior parietal lobule made up of?
-angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus

Psych 377 (11 decks)

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