The Struggle for Royal Authority 1174-89 Flashcards
How did Henry II deal with rebellious baron Hugh Bigod; Earl of Norfolk
Imprisoned and only allowed him out onve he surrendered his castles to the king, these were then either destroyed or kept under royal control to keep a close eye on those who could not be trusted
How did Henry demonstrate his authority across England
- In 1776 he claimed control of all the baronial castles in England
- Henry took a great interest in rotating the castellans of royal castles
How did Henry utilise Forest Law to reinforce his authority after the Great Rebellion
- Great Rebellion he punished everryone for offence and was done to refill the coffers and remind people of the Kings royal authority
- In 1184 Assize of the Forest at Woodstock placed in writing and the full extent of the power of the forest law
What was the Assize of Arms (1181)
- Specified the arms, armour and equipment that each freemen was required to possess according to his societal status
- Indicated Henrys desire to reaffirm his authority over his subjects
- All freemen were required to take a new oath to bear these arms in service of the king and at his command
What was the 3 main areas for gathering royal revenue from ‘The Dialogue of the Exchequer’ by Richard FitzNeal
- Those related to the lands held directly by the king and the royal boroughs (domanial)
- Revenue from the exercise of royal rights regarding the kings vassals (feudal)
- Those from the exercise of royal justice (jurisdictional)
What old levy did Henry abandon in 1162
He abandoned the old gold levy
What was the Saladin Tithe
Imposed in 1188 and was levied at 10% of a persons good and revenues
How did Henry’s judicial reforms help the royal finances
- Petitioners for justice would first have paid for the issuing of writs to intitate the new legal procedures
- If those who brought the criminal case withdrew it or the case went against them they would be amerced
- Other participants in the process who made mistakes would be amerced
What did Henry introduce in 1180 to benefit finances
- In 1180 new coins were minted for use in England, these became known as the ‘short cross’ and were of a much superior
- Henrys gov established exchanges throughout the country for this express purpose and took a service charge fir doing so
What were the Petty Assizes
- Novel disseisin ( recovery of land after dispossession)
- Mort d’ancestor ( establish rightful inheritance )
- Darrein presentment ( who had the right of patronage for peoperty granted to the Church)
What was novel disseisin
The request to recover land after dispossession
What was the mort d’ancestor
The request to establish rightful inheritance
What was darrein presentment
Finding out who had the right of patronage for propoerty granted to the Church
How were particularly difficult cases of inheritance often solved
both parties to agree to a division of inheritance set out in a final concord
What did the failure of a party to undertake that which was demanded of them from a writ lead to
led to a writ praecipe, which was an instruction to either make restiitution or appear before the king and explain
What alternative to ordeal by battle was intoduced in 1179
grand assize was introduced, jury of 12 knights of their shire and took several years
How did Henry standarduse the procedure of finding guilt
Introducing juries of presentment
What were juries of presentment
composing of 12 men from each locality who were required to indict those they suspected of being responsible for committing serious crimes or otherwise aiding those who did
What was the 1175 Treaty of Windsor
- Henry and Rory O’ Connor divided ireland into 2 spheres of influence; Norman-held territories where Henry was the overlord and those in the rest of Ireland, held by Rory.
- Henry didnt seek full oaths of fealty but sought a loose form of overlordship
Why did the 1175 Treaty of Windsor fail and what did this cause Henry II to do
- Hostilities continued between the Irish and Anglo-Norman incomers; Rory proved unable to control his lands
- This helped propel Henry towards a new policy of planting John in Ireland as its ruler
What did Henry announce in 1177 at the Council of Oxford to symbolise the change of Irish Policy
- declared John (aged 10) to be ‘Lord of Ireland’ and made plans for him to become king when he came of age.
- Existing Anglo-Norman territory in Ireland thus became known as the ‘Lordship of Ireland’
What did John do in 1185 (aged 18) in Ireland
- alienated both the Norman settlers and the native Irish, and was unable to control his army, which was reduced by desertion
-
Hugh de Lacy was hostile to him, since his supremacy in Ireland was threatened.
- John left Ireland in 1185 after 9 months in which he achieved nothing but uniting disparate elements of Irish society against him
What was Henry’s irish policies in his last years
- Vague policy of supporting his barons but trying to avoid them becoming too powerful or complete the conquest
- He was highly reliant on Strongbow and Hugh de Lacy
- Hugh de Lacy’s death in 1186 further compliacted it w/o a clear resolution by the end of Henry’s reign
What were the key features of the 12th century economy
- Overwhemingly agricultural society (90% farmers) with wealth tied to land
- Increasing contact with continent, export of wool and metals resulting in the import of finished and luxury goods
- Acquisition of Gascony stimulated trade in the south-west of England and Flanders were dependent on English Wool
What was a villein
term to denote the largest proportion of peasant, they were legally tied to the Lord of the Manor and had obligation to provide goods
What was merchet
a sum paid by the villein upon the marriage of a daughter
What was heriot
a tax payable upon the death of a villein from remaining possessions
What were bordards and cottars
below the rank of villein in the village hierarchy, they often held just enough land to support a family and would have to often supplement their income through working the Lords land
What were slaves
bottom of heirachy and had no land of their own allocated but were obliged to work the Lords land
What were freemen
not as bound, they paid rent to the Lord of the Manor and had fewer obligations e.g. could get married without permission and could not be moved estate against their will
How did the Cistercian order innovate the rural economy
developed huge estates in areas such as the West Riding of Yorkshire and the Lake District for the wool industry
How much tin was produced by the 1190’s compared to tthe early 1160s
Devon and Cornwall were producing 6 times as much tin per year by the 1190s as they had in the early 1160s
What did the increasing number of markets,fairs and towns encourage
encouraging manufacture and the sale of surplus agricultural yields- many landowners were keen to raise income from their own domains from sales of grain or fleeces rather than claim rental incomes.
How did recoinages in 1158 and 1180 affect the economy
- Regular recoinages in 1158 and 1180 ensured the maintenance in the value of cash
- General increase in the avaliability of cash which supported commerce as cash balancres rather than welath tied up in Land, made transactions easier
How were Jews useful to the economy
- They were dealers in plate and bullion especially able to convert the foreign coinage into English money from the export of wool
- strong business partnership across England and the continent
- Able to lend money
Who was Aaron of Lincoln
the most successful moneylender, upon his death in 1186 he was owed £18,466- requiring a separate exchequer just for him
What agarian development increased the ambition of manufacturers and merchants
the use of horse over oxen to carry loads speeded up transport
What were markets
- Took place on specific days
- key function was the trade in corn and other local produce
How many international fairs were there by the start of the 13th Century
By start of 13th Century there 6 international fairs
What are some examples of local produce that developed a national reputation
- Cod of Grimsby
-
scarlet of Lincoln
- Marble of Corfe and Iron of Gloucester
As a result of England’s successful wool trade, how much sheep did it have by the 13th century
had 10 million sheep in the 13th century
How many new boroughs were created as a result of the establishment of regular market places between 1154-1250
encouraged the development of boroughs with 88 new boroughs
What were ‘chartered boroughs’ and how many did Henry II grant in his reign
created by king so towns had a greater control over their own affairs; granted nearly 50 municipal charters in his reign
What did Charters do
- freed it from feudal control along with exemption from some tolls and requirement to attend any court but the borough court
- could establish its own tax farm and pay directly to the exchequer
What made London on a different economic scale
- Access to sea and a river navigable another 80 miles inland
- surrounded by low hills with ease of access to the continent it was easily defensible and accessible
By the 12th Century, London was established as the seat of ___________, ___ and the ______
By the 12th Century, London was established as the seat of government, law and the exchequer
What did London’s population grow from 25,000 in 1086 to by 1200
Londons population had grown from 25,000 in 1086 to about 40,000 in 1200
What was a hinterland and how big was London’s
The conurbation of market towns near London
It was about 40 miles large
What determined wealth in England
Land determined the wealth and status of a peasants
What was a vigrate
a substantial peasant holdings
Who did the common law exclude
The common law excluded villeins (who were mostly peasants), it only protected freehold and the law of the freemen
How were the unfree treated
unfree could be treated like cattle:
- tied to the land,
- sold with the land
- if they escaped; placed in chains
How did Archbishop Lanfranc prevent the growth of slaves
Irish pirates raided the coast of North deacon and carried off anyone they could find to sell into slavery, this was condemned by contemporaries and finally stopped by Archbishop Lanfranc
How did slaves disappear from society and what were they known as now
slave population in England had been declining before 1066 after which slaves gained their freedom by the process of ‘manumission’
- By 1120 slaves had disappeared from legal language but known rather as ox-man or a household servant
- the lord could still sell the unfree
What was a women’s role in English medieval society
- Women’s role was domestic; having children, running the house and cooking
- Giving birth
What was a women’s position in law
- In law, women were absent, they were the property of either her husband or father
- A women was only allowed to bring 2 criminal charges on her own behalf; murder of husband and rape
How did education grow under Henry II
- By 1189 there were many more schools; so called ‘song’ schools often provided a basic level of literacy whereas ‘grammar’ schools granted students a more thorough grounding in subjects essential to enter a career in the Church
- In 1167 Henry II had banned English students from attending the University of Paris and this had spurred the growth of the University of Oxford
Why didnt Henry II trust young Henry with his governance
- He spent £200 pounds a day at times on tournaments
- Promises to allies in Great Rebellion showed serious short sightedness
What shows Young Henry’s animosity towards Richard from 1176-1182
When asked to he didn’t assist his brother in 1176,8 and in 1182
What did Young Henry demand in 1182
demand in 1182 that he should be given Normandy or another of his territories to rule, when refused, Young Henry himself took off to the French Court
What happened at the Christmas Court of 1182
- Young Henry announcing that Richard has behaved in a tyrannical and that he promised to aid the native barons
- Henry required his sons to swear oaths and demand that his youngest sons perform homage to the eldest
- Richard claimed they were equal in feudal terms as in 1169 they had both performed homage directly to the French King
- when Richard was finally compelled to do so, Young Henry refused to accept it
What had Young Henry been planning
Young Henry had long conspired with the barons of Aquitaine, most notable Aymer of Limoges
Formed an alliance with his brother Geoffrey and attacked Anjou
What was the full alliance of Young Henry in his rebellion of 1183 against Henry II and Richard
young Henry was supported by Phillip II, Raymond V of Toulouse and Hugh III of Burgundy
revolt was brought to an end by the unexpected death of young Henry
What did Henry insist at Michealmas 1183
that Richard surrender Aquitaine to John, this was categorically refused
What did Henry encourage in 1184 against Richard
Henry encouraged an invasion of the Acquitaine with a small military incursion of Geoffrey and John in 1184
What did Henry do in 1185 for John
gave John a military force to invade Ireland, implying he had abandoned the Aquitaine
What did Henry II do in response to Richard’s open defiance to givig up the Acquitaine
- Gave Geoffrey increased authority and positions in Normandy
- Freed Eleanor to order Richard to surrender the duchy to her
What did Henry II do for Phillip before 1186
- supported the young French King in early struggles with his family
- in 1181 he sent his sons to support Phillip II when he was faced with war against the Count of Flanders
When did Henry’s relationship with Phillip II collapse
Henry’s relationship with Phillip II seems to only completely broken down by 1186
What were some reasons for why the relationship between Henry II and Phillip II broke down in 1186
- Henry II had humiliated his father
- Timing significant in after death of Geoffrey; who along with Young Henry were close
- death of his sons made an original plan of a divided Angevin Empire less likely, which threatened the Capetians as their position became more permanent
What did Phillip see as central to split the Angevin Dynasty and how did he show this in May 1187
- May 1187 Phillip II invaded Berry on the borders of Northern Aquitaine and appealed to Richard to desert his father but it was not successful
- He was forced to retreat but he now saw an agreement with Richard as central to his desire to split the Angevin Dynasty
What did Phillip use to split apart Henry and Richard
- Richards fear he was being replaced by John
- Phillip II took advantage of this pointing out any rifts and Johns status as favourite son
How did Phillip use Alice to catalyse the rift between Richard and Philip II
- She had been engaged to Richard in 1169 with the Vexin as a Dowry but no marriage had ensued
- Phillips insisted on the marriage or the Vexin to be returned continued to complicate the relationship between them
- It was also alleged that Henry considered marrying Alice to John which alramed Richard as her dowry and status could only further Johns claim as principal heir
What showed how close Richard and Phillip had become
Richard and Phillip grew stronger with reports they became so close that they shared a bed
What did Richard annouce that showed how deep the breach in Henry’s relationship with him was
- Richard announced his intention to undertake a crusade without his fathers permission, showing how deep this breach was
Who attacked Richard in the Acquitaine in 1188
In 1188 Richard was attacked by the influential Lusignan family in Aquitaine by Count Raymond of Toulouse who were believed to have received financial assisstance from Henry II himself
What happened at Bonmoulins in 1188
- Richard met his father at Bonmoulins and demanded to be recognised as his father’s heir for his paternal and maternal inheritance but Henry was evasive
- Richard took this as proof his father meant to disinherit him and immediately performed homage to Phillip II for all of the lands his father held from the King of France
What ,eventually fatally, struck the old king early in his final military campaign
Old King was struck down by illness
What did Henry II face in his final military campaign
- found himself hounded by Richard and Phillip; revolt in Brittany and a major challenge to power in Anjou
- Altought most of his barons in England remained loyal along with Scotland and Wales
How did the Church seek to mediate this conflict between crusaders
- At Whitsun in 1189 a parley was arranged at La Ferte-bernard in Maine but it achieved nothing as Phillip merely reissued his demands that:
- Richard should marry Alice immediately
- Richard should be given lands in Greater Anjou
- John should accompany Richard on crusade
What happend directly after the Parley at La Ferte-bernard in Maine in 1189 broke up
Phillip and Richard disregarded the conventions and immediately attacked Henry II’s territories and gained control of Le Mans in June 1189
where William Marshal famously dehorsed Richard but didn’t choose to kill him buying time for Henry II and his followers to flee but it was clear the old king was losing badly
What did Henry II do instead of escaping to Normandy and ammaasing a counter offensive
making his way by a circuitous route, to Chinon Castle, an old favourite of his traditional homeland
It was clear Henry had given up and expected to imminently die, as expected his loyalist forces fell apart
On the 3rd of July 1189 when Tours fell to Richard and Phillip what did Henry do
Henry requested terms for submission
What terms of submission did Henry recieve in 1189
- Recognise Richard as his sole heir for all of his territory
- Ensure all of his barons do homage to Richard
- Surrender custody of Alice and she was to marry Richard upon his return from crusade
- Pay expenses of enemies amounting to 20,000 marks
Henry agreed to all of these
What condition was Henry in when he agreed to the terms of submission
He had to be carried in a litter
Phillip of France, shocked at the King’s gaunt appearance, offered his cloak to enable him to sit on the ground
What did Henry say when giving Richard the kiss of peace
“God grant that I die not until I have avenged myself on thee”.
What was Henry II’s reaction to John being the first on the list of people who supported Phillip and Richard
- Henry II refused to hear any more and struggled back to Chinon
- It was of no doubt this represented a crippling personal and political blow with all of his schemes and plans utterly ruined
What was Henry II’s reaction to John being the first on the list of people who supported Phillip and Richard
- Henry II refused to hear any more and struggled back to Chinon
- It was of no doubt this represented a crippling personal and political blow with all of his schemes and plans utterly ruined
