The Struggle for Royal Authority 1174-89 Flashcards
How did Henry II deal with rebellious baron Hugh Bigod; Earl of Norfolk
Imprisoned and only allowed him out onve he surrendered his castles to the king, these were then either destroyed or kept under royal control to keep a close eye on those who could not be trusted
How did Henry demonstrate his authority across England
- In 1776 he claimed control of all the baronial castles in England
- Henry took a great interest in rotating the castellans of royal castles
How did Henry utilise Forest Law to reinforce his authority after the Great Rebellion
- Great Rebellion he punished everryone for offence and was done to refill the coffers and remind people of the Kings royal authority
- In 1184 Assize of the Forest at Woodstock placed in writing and the full extent of the power of the forest law
What was the Assize of Arms (1181)
- Specified the arms, armour and equipment that each freemen was required to possess according to his societal status
- Indicated Henrys desire to reaffirm his authority over his subjects
- All freemen were required to take a new oath to bear these arms in service of the king and at his command
What was the 3 main areas for gathering royal revenue from ‘The Dialogue of the Exchequer’ by Richard FitzNeal
- Those related to the lands held directly by the king and the royal boroughs (domanial)
- Revenue from the exercise of royal rights regarding the kings vassals (feudal)
- Those from the exercise of royal justice (jurisdictional)
What old levy did Henry abandon in 1162
He abandoned the old gold levy
What was the Saladin Tithe
Imposed in 1188 and was levied at 10% of a persons good and revenues
How did Henry’s judicial reforms help the royal finances
- Petitioners for justice would first have paid for the issuing of writs to intitate the new legal procedures
- If those who brought the criminal case withdrew it or the case went against them they would be amerced
- Other participants in the process who made mistakes would be amerced
What did Henry introduce in 1180 to benefit finances
- In 1180 new coins were minted for use in England, these became known as the ‘short cross’ and were of a much superior
- Henrys gov established exchanges throughout the country for this express purpose and took a service charge fir doing so
What were the Petty Assizes
- Novel disseisin ( recovery of land after dispossession)
- Mort d’ancestor ( establish rightful inheritance )
- Darrein presentment ( who had the right of patronage for peoperty granted to the Church)
What was novel disseisin
The request to recover land after dispossession
What was the mort d’ancestor
The request to establish rightful inheritance
What was darrein presentment
Finding out who had the right of patronage for propoerty granted to the Church
How were particularly difficult cases of inheritance often solved
both parties to agree to a division of inheritance set out in a final concord
What did the failure of a party to undertake that which was demanded of them from a writ lead to
led to a writ praecipe, which was an instruction to either make restiitution or appear before the king and explain
What alternative to ordeal by battle was intoduced in 1179
grand assize was introduced, jury of 12 knights of their shire and took several years
How did Henry standarduse the procedure of finding guilt
Introducing juries of presentment
What were juries of presentment
composing of 12 men from each locality who were required to indict those they suspected of being responsible for committing serious crimes or otherwise aiding those who did
What was the 1175 Treaty of Windsor
- Henry and Rory O’ Connor divided ireland into 2 spheres of influence; Norman-held territories where Henry was the overlord and those in the rest of Ireland, held by Rory.
- Henry didnt seek full oaths of fealty but sought a loose form of overlordship
Why did the 1175 Treaty of Windsor fail and what did this cause Henry II to do
- Hostilities continued between the Irish and Anglo-Norman incomers; Rory proved unable to control his lands
- This helped propel Henry towards a new policy of planting John in Ireland as its ruler
What did Henry announce in 1177 at the Council of Oxford to symbolise the change of Irish Policy
- declared John (aged 10) to be ‘Lord of Ireland’ and made plans for him to become king when he came of age.
- Existing Anglo-Norman territory in Ireland thus became known as the ‘Lordship of Ireland’
What did John do in 1185 (aged 18) in Ireland
- alienated both the Norman settlers and the native Irish, and was unable to control his army, which was reduced by desertion
-
Hugh de Lacy was hostile to him, since his supremacy in Ireland was threatened.
- John left Ireland in 1185 after 9 months in which he achieved nothing but uniting disparate elements of Irish society against him
What was Henry’s irish policies in his last years
- Vague policy of supporting his barons but trying to avoid them becoming too powerful or complete the conquest
- He was highly reliant on Strongbow and Hugh de Lacy
- Hugh de Lacy’s death in 1186 further compliacted it w/o a clear resolution by the end of Henry’s reign
What were the key features of the 12th century economy
- Overwhemingly agricultural society (90% farmers) with wealth tied to land
- Increasing contact with continent, export of wool and metals resulting in the import of finished and luxury goods
- Acquisition of Gascony stimulated trade in the south-west of England and Flanders were dependent on English Wool
What was a villein
term to denote the largest proportion of peasant, they were legally tied to the Lord of the Manor and had obligation to provide goods
What was merchet
a sum paid by the villein upon the marriage of a daughter
What was heriot
a tax payable upon the death of a villein from remaining possessions
What were bordards and cottars
below the rank of villein in the village hierarchy, they often held just enough land to support a family and would have to often supplement their income through working the Lords land
What were slaves
bottom of heirachy and had no land of their own allocated but were obliged to work the Lords land
What were freemen
not as bound, they paid rent to the Lord of the Manor and had fewer obligations e.g. could get married without permission and could not be moved estate against their will
How did the Cistercian order innovate the rural economy
developed huge estates in areas such as the West Riding of Yorkshire and the Lake District for the wool industry
How much tin was produced by the 1190’s compared to tthe early 1160s
Devon and Cornwall were producing 6 times as much tin per year by the 1190s as they had in the early 1160s
What did the increasing number of markets,fairs and towns encourage
encouraging manufacture and the sale of surplus agricultural yields- many landowners were keen to raise income from their own domains from sales of grain or fleeces rather than claim rental incomes.
How did recoinages in 1158 and 1180 affect the economy
- Regular recoinages in 1158 and 1180 ensured the maintenance in the value of cash
- General increase in the avaliability of cash which supported commerce as cash balancres rather than welath tied up in Land, made transactions easier
How were Jews useful to the economy
- They were dealers in plate and bullion especially able to convert the foreign coinage into English money from the export of wool
- strong business partnership across England and the continent
- Able to lend money
