The Restoration of Royal Authority 1154-66 Flashcards
What was Henry II’s main strengths at his acension in 1154
- Controlled nearly half of france
- Church suppoted his acension
- Treaty of Winchester in 1153 guaranteed peace and alliances
What were the issues threatening Royal Authority upon Henry’s acension
- Justice system had broken down
- Exchequer broke down with barons minting own coins
- Overmighty barons encroaching on royal domain and builiding adulterine castles
- Church had been set free to do what they wished
- Loss of lands in Scotland and Wales
When did Henry invade Wales during this period
1157 invaded Gwyynedd for Owain’s submission but it changed little
1158 invaded Deheurbarth for Rhys’ submission and again in 1163 when he temporarily stripped of him of his lands
What was the challenge in Wales upon Henry II acension and how did Henry solve this
Owain of Gwynedd in North and Rhys ap Gruffud in South made significant gains during the Anarchy
In July 1163 got submission from Rhys + Owain as well as hostages
What was the result of Henry II tough terms he imposed on the Welsh princes after recieving submission from them in Jully 1163
They united and rebelled in 1165 and Henry couldnt stop them
What was the Challenge facing Henry in Scotland upon acension
He had promised David I Northumbria upon his coronation
How did Henry solve this challenge in Scotland upon his acension and what effect did this have
He made Malcom IV perform homage and surrender the claim, thus Malcolm got the earl of Huntingdon
This bounded him to Henry through feudal obligations and made threatening northern england dangerous for him. He even ended up serving on Henry’s Toulouse Campaign in 1159 where he was knighted
What was the challenge of baronial power upon Henry’s coronation
- the strong military power of Barons through mercenaries
- Purpestures on royal demense and adulterine castles built
- need of competent trustworthy chief justicars
What happened to William of Yypres
Henry retired Stephen’s military commander to Flanders in 1157
How did Henry deal with the threat of William of Boulonge and Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester
- Seized castles of Henry in 1555
- Seized castles of William in 1157 as a consequence of a rivalry between Hugh Bigod that threatend to spiral out of control
How did Henry solve the problem of Baronial Power upon his coronation and an example
- Ordered all Flemish Mercenaries to go home
- Ordered all land gained through purprestures be restored and destroy all adulterine castles e.g. Roger Earl of Hereford son was disinherited
- He also took the land of potential enemies such as Henry of Blois and William of Boulonge
- Appointed Robert of Beaumont , Earl of Leicester, and Richard de Lucy as chief justicars
What was the challenge of Royal Finance upon Henry II coronation
- Royal income had fallen by ⅔ under Stephens Reign
- Exchequer System had collapsed
- Currency lost value with barons minting their own
Who was Nigel Bishop of Ely
Had been at heart of exchequer system during Henry I
Highly educated by sone of the finest mathematicians of Europe
How did Henry II solve the problem of Royal Finance
- put in under control of the experienced Bishop Nigel of Ely
- In 1158 minted new coins with Henry II’s name and distinctive ‘cross and crosslets design’; ⇑ Royal authority + confidence
- Undertook Carte Baronum
What was the Carte Baronum
Undertaken in 1166, dedmanded all barons to send him writing the name of their tenants and how much knght service each of them owed
How did Henry II show off his wealth to the french court
sent Beckett to paris in 1158 to show off wealth
What was a betrothment designed to restore peace with Henry and Louis VII
Arranged marriage of Magaret to Henry in 1158 with dowry as the vixen
What did Louis VII do to prevent Henry’s advance
Prevented invasion of Toulouse in 1159
What did Henry II do to get revenge on Louis VII stopping the invasion
He got a papal dispensation allowing the marriage of Henry and Margaret to gain the Vexin and it’s formidable castle of Gisors
what was the problem with sheriffs in 1154 and how did Henry II stop this
They were becoming hereditary posts
in 1155 he dismissed ⅔ of sherrifs
and again in 1162 he dismissed ½ of the sheriffs
What shows the growth of Royal authority by Henry II in the form of documentation
surviving documents grew from 40 per year to 120 per year
What was the effect of the returnable writ
sherrifs, justices and outcome was named which increased accountability
What was the 1166 Assize of Clarendon
The Assize of Clarendon which established:
- hunts for criminals
- removed expulsion of sheriffs by nobles
- petty assizes (novel dissein, darrein presentment)
What was the novel dissein
could request to recover dispossesed land
What was the darrein presentment
when plantiff was unlawfully deprived of priesthood
Why were the petty assizes popular
Intiated by a writ that could be pruchased from the Chancery and followed a simple,standardised process led by local sheriff
What roles did abbots and bishops play in Medieval society
- major landholders
- justice-in-eyre
- judges
- chancery and the exchequer
what was the problem of appointments in medieval society Henry II faced
Henry wanted to only appoint those who he trusted
while
Growing european movement to limit secular influence
How did the influence of the Church grow during the ‘Anarchy’
- royal control on access to papal legates were relaxed
- growth of canon (church) law
- bishops elected w/o approval
Who was appointed as Chief Justicar upon de Lucy’s retirement
Ranulf Glanvill
What did Ranulf Glanvill write
the treatise and customs of the kingdom of england- referred to as the Glanvill
Who was appointed as treasurer by Henry II
Richard FitzNigel
Overseeing the crucial transfer of funds to the King’s Chamber
What did Richard Fitz Nigel write
The Dialogue of the Exchequer
What did the Dialogue of the Exchequer describe
- twice a year; treasury, chancery, chamber and constables met with inner council to coincide with twice yearly submissions bys heriffs
- Audits of sheriffs accounts were writted up in the pipe rolls
What was the Carte Baronum
Undertaken in 1166 determined wether a baron had more knights enfeoffed than the no. of knights service owed.
How much did Henry II borrow between 1155-66 and to do what
£12,000 in total
about £600 yearly from the Flemish merchant WIlliam Cade
Raise mercenary armies quickly and reassert his authority among his barons
What was the servitum debitum and what should it equal
the quota of knights owed by the thenant in chief for the kings service
servitum debitum (should) = knights on domain + knights enfeoffed
How was the Carte Baronum a win win situation for the king
if knights enfeoffed>servitum debitum. then servitum debitum would be raised
if servitum debitum>knights enfeoffed. then the king would have the servitum debitum retained
How much of the population was the ‘clergy’
about a 1/5 of the population
How did Church Power advance during the Anarchy
- royal control on access to papal legates and access to Rome relaxed
- Growth of canon law
- Bishops elected w/o approval
What is an an example of Henry II not being able to control appointments
election of Bartholomew to Bishop of Exeter on Theobald of Bec’s word alone
What is an example of the ecclesiastical courts and secular courts being in conflict
- Phillipe de Broi acquitted of murder of knight
- then insulting justice of king and recieving ‘light punishment’ of public whipping
What is an example of Henry II removing the power of dangerous barons and potential rivals to the throne near the start of his reign
Seizing castles of Henry of Blois, William of Boulonge and Hugh Bigod
How did Henry II restore royal authority through land control
Created no new earldoms and allowed half to lapse: 12 by 1200
1154 royal castles 1 in 5 → 1214 1 in 2
What was the 1170 Inquest of the Sheriffs
Inquiry into malpractice of local government