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(Read Bio!) A Level History AQA: Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings > The Restoration of Royal Authority 1154-66 > Flashcards

The Restoration of Royal Authority 1154-66 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Henry II’s main strengths at his acension in 1154

A
  • Controlled nearly half of france
  • Church suppoted his acension
  • Treaty of Winchester in 1153 guaranteed peace and alliances
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2
Q

What were the issues threatening Royal Authority upon Henry’s acension

A
  • Justice system had broken down
  • Exchequer broke down with barons minting own coins
  • Overmighty barons encroaching on royal domain and builiding adulterine castles
  • Church had been set free to do what they wished
  • Loss of lands in Scotland and Wales
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3
Q

When did Henry invade Wales during this period

A

1157 invaded Gwyynedd for Owain’s submission but it changed little

1158 invaded Deheurbarth for Rhys’ submission and again in 1163 when he temporarily stripped of him of his lands

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4
Q

What was the challenge in Wales upon Henry II acension and how did Henry solve this

A

Owain of Gwynedd in North and Rhys ap Gruffud in South made significant gains during the Anarchy

In July 1163 got submission from Rhys + Owain as well as hostages

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5
Q

What was the result of Henry II tough terms he imposed on the Welsh princes after recieving submission from them in Jully 1163

A

They united and rebelled in 1165 and Henry couldnt stop them

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6
Q

What was the Challenge facing Henry in Scotland upon acension

A

He had promised David I Northumbria upon his coronation

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7
Q

How did Henry solve this challenge in Scotland upon his acension and what effect did this have

A

He made Malcom IV perform homage and surrender the claim, thus Malcolm got the earl of Huntingdon

This bounded him to Henry through feudal obligations and made threatening northern england dangerous for him. He even ended up serving on Henry’s Toulouse Campaign in 1159 where he was knighted

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8
Q

What was the challenge of baronial power upon Henry’s coronation

A
  • the strong military power of Barons through mercenaries
  • Purpestures on royal demense and adulterine castles built
  • need of competent trustworthy chief justicars
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9
Q

What happened to William of Yypres

A

Henry retired Stephen’s military commander to Flanders in 1157

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10
Q

How did Henry deal with the threat of William of Boulonge and Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester

A
  • Seized castles of Henry in 1555
  • Seized castles of William in 1157 as a consequence of a rivalry between Hugh Bigod that threatend to spiral out of control
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11
Q

How did Henry solve the problem of Baronial Power upon his coronation and an example

A
  • Ordered all Flemish Mercenaries to go home
  • Ordered all land gained through purprestures be restored and destroy all adulterine castles e.g. Roger Earl of Hereford son was disinherited
  • He also took the land of potential enemies such as Henry of Blois and William of Boulonge
  • Appointed Robert of Beaumont , Earl of Leicester, and Richard de Lucy as chief justicars
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12
Q

What was the challenge of Royal Finance upon Henry II coronation

A
  • Royal income had fallen by ⅔ under Stephens Reign
  • Exchequer System had collapsed
  • Currency lost value with barons minting their own
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13
Q

Who was Nigel Bishop of Ely

A

Had been at heart of exchequer system during Henry I

Highly educated by sone of the finest mathematicians of Europe

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14
Q

How did Henry II solve the problem of Royal Finance

A
  • put in under control of the experienced Bishop Nigel of Ely
  • In 1158 minted new coins with Henry II’s name and distinctive ‘cross and crosslets design’; ⇑ Royal authority + confidence
  • Undertook Carte Baronum
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15
Q

What was the Carte Baronum

A

Undertaken in 1166, dedmanded all barons to send him writing the name of their tenants and how much knght service each of them owed

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16
Q

How did Henry II show off his wealth to the french court

A

sent Beckett to paris in 1158 to show off wealth

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17
Q

What was a betrothment designed to restore peace with Henry and Louis VII

A

Arranged marriage of Magaret to Henry in 1158 with dowry as the vixen

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18
Q

What did Louis VII do to prevent Henry’s advance

A

Prevented invasion of Toulouse in 1159

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19
Q

What did Henry II do to get revenge on Louis VII stopping the invasion

A

He got a papal dispensation allowing the marriage of Henry and Margaret to gain the Vexin and it’s formidable castle of Gisors

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20
Q

what was the problem with sheriffs in 1154 and how did Henry II stop this

A

They were becoming hereditary posts

in 1155 he dismissed ⅔ of sherrifs

and again in 1162 he dismissed ½ of the sheriffs

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21
Q

What shows the growth of Royal authority by Henry II in the form of documentation

A

surviving documents grew from 40 per year to 120 per year

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22
Q

What was the effect of the returnable writ

A

sherrifs, justices and outcome was named which increased accountability

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23
Q

What was the 1166 Assize of Clarendon

A

The Assize of Clarendon which established:

  • hunts for criminals
  • removed expulsion of sheriffs by nobles
  • petty assizes (novel dissein, darrein presentment)
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24
Q

What was the novel dissein

A

could request to recover dispossesed land

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25
Q

What was the darrein presentment

A

when plantiff was unlawfully deprived of priesthood

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26
Q

Why were the petty assizes popular

A

Intiated by a writ that could be pruchased from the Chancery and followed a simple,standardised process led by local sheriff

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27
Q

What roles did abbots and bishops play in Medieval society

A
  • major landholders
  • justice-in-eyre
  • judges
  • chancery and the exchequer
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28
Q

what was the problem of appointments in medieval society Henry II faced

A

Henry wanted to only appoint those who he trusted

while

Growing european movement to limit secular influence

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29
Q

How did the influence of the Church grow during the ‘Anarchy’

A
  • royal control on access to papal legates were relaxed
  • growth of canon (church) law
  • bishops elected w/o approval
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30
Q

Who was appointed as Chief Justicar upon de Lucy’s retirement

A

Ranulf Glanvill

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31
Q

What did Ranulf Glanvill write

A

the treatise and customs of the kingdom of england- referred to as the Glanvill

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32
Q

Who was appointed as treasurer by Henry II

A

Richard FitzNigel

Overseeing the crucial transfer of funds to the King’s Chamber

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33
Q

What did Richard Fitz Nigel write

A

The Dialogue of the Exchequer

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34
Q

What did the Dialogue of the Exchequer describe

A
  • twice a year; treasury, chancery, chamber and constables met with inner council to coincide with twice yearly submissions bys heriffs
  • Audits of sheriffs accounts were writted up in the pipe rolls
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35
Q

What was the Carte Baronum

A

Undertaken in 1166 determined wether a baron had more knights enfeoffed than the no. of knights service owed.

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36
Q

How much did Henry II borrow between 1155-66 and to do what

A

£12,000 in total

about £600 yearly from the Flemish merchant WIlliam Cade

Raise mercenary armies quickly and reassert his authority among his barons

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37
Q

What was the servitum debitum and what should it equal

A

the quota of knights owed by the thenant in chief for the kings service

servitum debitum (should) = knights on domain + knights enfeoffed

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38
Q

How was the Carte Baronum a win win situation for the king

A

if knights enfeoffed>servitum debitum. then servitum debitum would be raised

if servitum debitum>knights enfeoffed. then the king would have the servitum debitum retained

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39
Q

How much of the population was the ‘clergy’

A

about a 1/5 of the population

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40
Q

How did Church Power advance during the Anarchy

A
  • royal control on access to papal legates and access to Rome relaxed
  • Growth of canon law
  • Bishops elected w/o approval
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41
Q

What is an an example of Henry II not being able to control appointments

A

election of Bartholomew to Bishop of Exeter on Theobald of Bec’s word alone

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42
Q

What is an example of the ecclesiastical courts and secular courts being in conflict

A
  • Phillipe de Broi acquitted of murder of knight
  • then insulting justice of king and recieving ‘light punishment’ of public whipping
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43
Q

What is an example of Henry II removing the power of dangerous barons and potential rivals to the throne near the start of his reign

A

Seizing castles of Henry of Blois, William of Boulonge and Hugh Bigod

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44
Q

How did Henry II restore royal authority through land control

A

Created no new earldoms and allowed half to lapse: 12 by 1200

1154 royal castles 1 in 5 → 1214 1 in 2

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45
Q

What was the 1170 Inquest of the Sheriffs

A

Inquiry into malpractice of local government

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46
Q

What were the results of the 1170 Inquest of the Sherrifs

A
  • Fired ⅔ of sherriffs
  • Majority that remained were members of the chamber or the Exchequer
  • Undermined links between barons and sheriffs as most were ministeriales
47
Q

What were ministeriales

A

a class of people raised up from serfdom and placed in positions of power and responsibility

48
Q

Who were ‘court-holders’ and ‘court-suitors’

A

court-holders = power to convene a court

court suitors = those who are obliged to attend and pass judgement

49
Q

What were the key courts prior to Henry II

A

The Kings Court

The Shire Court

The Hundred Court

The Lords Court

Ecclesiastical Court

50
Q

What was the Kings Court

A

Could hear felonies and royal pleas

51
Q

What were the shire courts

A
  • Sheriff presided over the court
  • Covered royal announcements, land transactions, land disputes and violent/theft
52
Q

What were the Hundred Courts

A
  • Court presided over by baliff, land owners obliged to attend
  • special sessions would be held bieniannly where tithings were checked
53
Q

What were the Lord’s Courts

A
  • Where disputes between men in lordship’s land could be settled
    • Venues for important announcements and counsel for lord
54
Q

What was Frankalmoin (free alms)

A

Alms given by a layman to the Church for remission of sins

55
Q

What was socage

A

land held from the lord in return for money payment or duties

56
Q

What was a lease

A

Land held in return for periodic payment over a specific term- often a lifetime

57
Q

What was feudal tenure

A

The ‘Fief’ is held by the grantee (‘Vassal’) in return for services to the grantor (‘the lord’). The grantee will pay homage to the grantor

58
Q

What was Subinfeudation

A

the process where by the grantee (vassal) grants away their land to a sub-tenant, created layer of knights under barons

59
Q

What was relief

A

a payment made to the feudal overlord for the privelege and homage performed by the new vassal

60
Q

What was the problem with proof in 1135

A

proof was not easy to get; cases swung on testimony

61
Q

How did trial by ordeal interact with justice in 1135

A

Rarely used, seen as more of a detterent to make people settle outside.

62
Q

What was the King’s Bench

A

where 5 members of the royal council would permanently preside on legal matters full time - became effective supreme court

63
Q

What was the Common Bench

A

cases of civil law could heard infront of the King’s justices

64
Q

What was justices-in-eyre

A

sent justices to tour circuits and hear cases, with each visitation called an ‘eyre’

65
Q

What were ‘general eyres’

A

When all cities were visited simultaneously

66
Q

What was the ‘articles of the eyre’

A

a list establishing the cases to be heard, such as:

  • ‘pleas of the crown’
  • ‘malefactors’
  • land disputes
  • wardships
67
Q

What was the effect of the Justices in Eyre

A

Combination of a nationwide royal court and sharing of judgement allowed ro evolution of a Common Law

68
Q

The English legal system was still reliant upon ______ of local men in both civial and criminal cases

A

juries

69
Q

How did the Angevins systemise practice in courts

A
  • made 12 knights swore in to prepare answers to the ‘articles of the eyre’ and arrest those suspected of involvement
70
Q

How were writs standardised under Henry II and what effect did this have

A

made to develop ‘a core of writs to be reproduced in set form for set stituations’

protected tenants from claims w/o writs and royal authority more pervasive

71
Q

What made writs have more accountability

A

Writs were made returnable - the decision and names of people involved were written down and present it to the eyre

72
Q

What were ‘plea rolls’

A

recorded details of cases heard before them

73
Q

What are ‘eyre rolls’

A

recorded cases heard, judgements and money collected

74
Q

What were ‘feet of fines’

A

records of land disputes and outcomes heard in royal courts

75
Q

What is a chirograph

A

a medieval document, which has been written in duplicate, triplicate or very occasionally quadruplicate on a single piece of parchment

76
Q

Whatr was the ‘Treatise on the Laws and Customs of England’ (the Glanvill)

A

a rulebook on standardised writs and how they were to be used by the chief justiciar from 1179 Ranulf Glanvill

77
Q

What were ‘Royal Pleas’

A

Certain offences were made triable only by king; treason, fradulent concealement of treaure trove and breah of the kings peace (felonies)

78
Q

What were ‘trespasses’

A

lessor offences to be tried in sheriff or lord’s court

79
Q

What measure was introduced to increase the power of royal justices

A

if someone was accussed of breaching the king’s peace they could be held in custody until the visitation of an eyre court

80
Q

How did punishments and method of trial change

A
  • Trial by battle considered if no clear verdict
  • use of oaths fell into decline
  • Punishments for breaching kings peace was execution/mutilation
  • those who fled were outlawed
  • little changed in method
81
Q

What was the aims of the Assizes of Clarendon, 1166

A

To rid localities of undesirable elements and place responsibility on local comunities to identify wrongdoers

82
Q

How di the Assize of Clarendon 1166 operate

A

getting 12 men of the hundred/ 4 men of the village to identify, on oath, those accused of robbery, murder, theft or being an accomplice to such crimes

Ordeal by water was used to prove guilt

83
Q

What did the Assize of Northampton in 1776 instruct as an extension to Clarendon

A
  1. instructed the loss of a hand or foot if ordeal found them guilty
  2. even if not guilty, if evidence of their ill-repute was overwhelimg they were banished
84
Q

What were assizes

A

Developed to deal with issues over land holding following the Anarchy and the Second Crusade

85
Q

What were petty assizes and what were they called

A

Assizes to do with possesion of the land; not actual ownership. They were:

  • Novel disseisen*
  • Mort d’Ancestor*
  • Utrum*
  • Darrein Presentment*
86
Q

What was Novel disseisen

A

(recent dispossession) deal with claims of those who had lost their land w/o a court judgement

87
Q

What was Mort d’Ancestor

A

dealt with denial of rightful inheritance

88
Q

What was Utrum

A

Dealt with church lands and wether it was held free of service by a church or layman

89
Q

What was Darrein Presentment

A

(last presentation) determined who had the right to appoint a priest to a church

90
Q

What do all the ‘petty assizes’ have in common

A

Plantiff would require a royal writ to present to the sheriff who would ensure everyone shows up to court.

A jury would assess the claims and pass a judgement on oath. If unsuccessfull a heavy fine was charged.

Only dealt with freemen

91
Q

How did disputes with ‘ownership’ or ‘right’ to the land proceed

A

Used a standardised ‘writ of right’ to make a claim

92
Q

How would a lord defend a ‘writ of right’

A
  • trial by battle
  • The Grand Assize - case brought to royal court. sheriff call up 4 knights who elected 12 local knights to decide who had better right to land
93
Q

What were the main impacts of the judicial reforms

A
  • huge increase in volume of legal business that came under royal justice
  • speed and clarity of land procedures very popular
  • Standardisation of justice
  • King was untouched by reforms; tyranny?
94
Q

How wealthy was the Church of England and how much land did they hold

A

CofE was v wealthy; since Norman Consequence held one quarter of land in England and by mid-12th Century this had grown through donations

95
Q

How wealthy was the Church of England and how much land did they hold

A

CofE was v wealthy; since Norman Consequence held one quarter of land in England and by mid-12th Century this had grown through donations

96
Q

How did Henry seek to exploit the Church’s wealth

A
  • Thus Hnery II was keen to prolong vacancies when bishops/abbots died so the revneue went to the king
  • Henry II also sought to exploit the Church’s wealth through imposition of scutage on prelates themselves
    • Henry also demaanded ‘gifts’ from the Church as well as the rest of society
97
Q

How much was the total paid in ‘gifts’ in 1159 from bishops and abbots respectively

A

£2233 from the bishops and £904 from the abbots

98
Q

Why did Henry wish to restore relations with Flanders after in 1153 Thierry Count of Flanders supported Louis against Henry causing him to temporarly lose the vital castle of Vernon

A
  • Economic reasons; England and Flanders had a lucrative relationship
    • Political reasons; contain Louis influence while he managed England and other territories
99
Q

What was the trade between England and Flanders like

A
  • World trade was financially lucrative to both as English wool was shipped to the towns of Flanders such as Arras and Saint-Omer to be spun into cloth
  • Flanders also imported English grain
100
Q

How did Henry restore relations with Flanders

A

Death of William of Boulonge in 1159 allowed Henry to grant Thierry’s younger son Matthew, Boulonge through a marriage to Stephen’s daughter Mary

101
Q

What did the 1163 treaty between Flanders and England allow for

A

provided the English King with 1000 knights from Flanderr for 500 marks per year

102
Q

What did problems in Normandy revolve around

A

Defence and hence control of the Vexin to defend Rouen and also be able to threaten Paris

103
Q

How did Henry gain control of the Vexin in 1160

A

Henry picked Alexander III as the true pope when Pope Adrian VI died so in gratitude Alexander III gave a potential dispensation in November 1160 giving Henry the Vexin

104
Q

What happened to the Norman Church during the Anarchy

A
  • The Norman Church broke free during the Anarchy and took advantage of Clerical freedoms being taken for granted in the rest of France
    • Popes regularly visited French school that a potent source of new ideas about freedom from secular control
105
Q

What did the Norman Church regard itself a part of

A

The Norman Church regarded itself as part of the French Church

106
Q

What did the Norman Church regard itself a part of

A

The Norman Church regarded itself as part of the French Church

107
Q

How did Henry gain control of Brittany for his son Geoffrey

A
  • Henry supported Conan VI’s overthrow of his stepfather in 1156; leading to Henry II’s own brother becoming Count of Nantes in the south of the Duchy
  • When Geoffrey died in 1158 Henry took control of nAntes
    • Henry arranged Conan’s marriage and dominated the Breton Church by apponting the archbishop of Dol, choosing the loyal Norman Roger du Hommet
  • In 1166 Henry sent his forces and arranged for Conan’s daughter and heir Constance to marry his son Geoffrey
108
Q

How far did the Duke of Acquitaine’s tangible power go

A

Control of Poitou was tangible to the Duke but outside of this were resisted and resented

109
Q

How did Henry deal with Toulouse

A
  • In 1150s Henry attempted to resstore authority in Bery and Auvergnee but Toulouse became the key target
    • June 1159 Henry marched with a very large army but Count Raymond V resissted with Louis VII
110
Q

What was the aftermath of the 1159 Toulouse Campaign

A
  • Henry made siginificant gains such as Cahors and the Quercy region but campaign was a filure
  • Henry maintained miltiary pressure through allies such as Alfonso II of Aragon
    • Worsened relations with Louis
111
Q

How did Henry interact with Gascony

A
  • Henry didn’t show much interest in Gascony with Ducal officials only prominent in the Bayonne and the Garonne valley
    • Henry used it to secure the support of neighbouring Spanish allies
112
Q

Why did Henry consider the conquest of Ireland and discussed it in 1155 at the council of Winchester

A
  • Henry was looking for land for his youngest and favourite brother William who was w/o inheritance
  • Ireland was deeply politically fragmented
    • There was strong support from the Church as the Archbishop of Canterbury claimed primacy over the Irish Church while the English Pope Adrian IV was in favour to reform the Irish Church to the Latin Church
113
Q

What did Henry use John of Salisbury for

A

to gain the Laudabiliter to have the pope’s blessing to invade Ireland

114
Q

Why was Ireland not conquered in this period

A

The project came to little at this point as there were more pressing situation and William died childless in 1164

(Read Bio!) A Level History AQA: Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings (13 decks)

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