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(Read Bio!) A Level History AQA: Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings > Richard I 1189-1199 > Flashcards

Richard I 1189-1199 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the key features of Richard’s character

A
  1. notoriously independent barons of the Acquitaine had led him to learn that military power was the primary means to assert authority
  2. Famous military leader and embraced the chivalric culture and craved adventure
  3. Learnt to distrust other people
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2
Q

What was Richards overarching attitude towards the Church

A
  • Wanted stability
    • he had no intention of allowing the election of bishops to slip out of his control
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3
Q

What is an example of Richard wanting stability within the Church

A
  • he resolved a dispute between Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, and the monks of Canterbury
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4
Q

What is an example of Richard controlling the election of bishops within the Church

A
  • At the Council of Pipewell on 15th September 1189 he had seen to it that his half brother Geoffrey became archbishop of York and his chancellor and favourite William Longchamp became Bishop of Ely

Hubert Walter as bishop of Salisbury

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5
Q

What happened in Sicilly

A
  • Tensions became more palpable in Sicily when Richard came into conflict with King Tancred and seized Messina, only reluctantly agreeing to share control of the town with Phillip
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6
Q

How did Richard humiliate Alice and Phillip

A

Richard revealed he wouldn’t marry Alice; humiliating her by saying his father took her as a mistress and had borne an illegitimate child

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7
Q

What dynastic struggles took place over the Kingom of Jerusalem

A

Richard backed Guy of Lusignan, the former king,and Phillip backed Conrad of Montferrat, the defender of Tyre

Conrad was assassinated and Henry I of Champagne who was the nephew of both Phillip and Richard, but Richard’s ally

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8
Q

What did Richard do at the battle of Acre to Leopold

A

He took his banner down and trampled it; a severe chivalric insult

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9
Q

At what battle in 1191 did Richard beat saladin

A

Defeated Saladin at Aruf

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10
Q

What did Richard do to the garrison at Acre

A

He massacred all 3000 of them

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11
Q

What happened to Richard’s advances on Jerusalem

A

They failed as a result of weather and disagreement with other leaders

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12
Q

What led to the Treaty of Jaffa

A

Richard relieving the seige on Jaffa

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13
Q

What did the Treaty of Jaffa entail

A

Entailed a 3 year truce and pilgrim access to Jerusalem

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14
Q

Who did Richard place as chief justiciars

A

Hugh de Puiset, the bishop of Durham, and William Longchamp who had been his chancellor

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15
Q

How did Richard show William Longchamp was the dominant partner

A
  • he controlled the offices of central government: the exchequer and the king’s bench came under Longchamps control
    • Was given legatine authority to show his authority spread across the whole of England
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16
Q

What else did Richard set up to assist in running the country in his absence

A
  • Richard established a council to assisst in the running of England and named William Marshal, William Brewer, Geoffery FitzPeter and Hugh Bardulf as justiciars
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17
Q

What did Richard do to most of the sherrifs and an example

A

Most sherrifs were replaced with those willing to pay the most

e.g. Gerald de Camville secured both the role of sheriff of Lincolnshire as well as constable of Lincoln Castle

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18
Q

What was the Quitclaim of Canterbury

A

An agreement that nullified the Treaty of Falaise for 10,000 marks

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19
Q

What do most Chroniclers assert about William Longchamp

A

William was enormously prideful and arrogant

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20
Q

What showed Longchamps arrogance

A

replacing 13 sheriffs with his own men and creating a perception of himself as a self-interested and corrupt rules.

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21
Q

What did William Longchamp do to Gerald de Camville

A

In spring 1191 Longchamp tries to force Gerard de Camville sheriff of Lincolnshire and castellan of Lincoln castle to give it up in favour of a supporter of Longchamp’s but he resists and appeals to John,

Gerad gave homage of his lands directly to John who then seized Tickhill and Nottingham castle

John gains control of London, forcing Longchamp to hide in the Tower.

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22
Q

How did Richard prevent John causing trouble when he was away

A
  • award his brother numerous estates of significant value such as Cornwall, Devon, Somerset
  • made John promise to stay out of England and also prevented him from holding any positions on the Council of Regency or having access to the justiciars. Eleanor persuades him to relent on this, against his better judgement
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23
Q

How did Richard prevent a dynastic threat from his half brother Geoffrey

A

Geoffrey is made Archbishop of York and must take an oath of celibacy, risk of dynastic threat
removed.

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24
Q

Why did people see William Longchamp as a mere opportunist

A

He had paid £3000 for the role of justiciar

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25
Q

How was Longchamp a capapble administrator in technical terms

A
  • restoring order with the Jews
  • adding concluding clause including date and place of issue to charters and writs.
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26
Q

who did Richard have to dispatch to solve John and others openly challenging John in spting 1191

A
  • Richard has to dispatch Walter de Coutances from Sicily to deal with the dispute
    • Brokered a peace settlement which was for Longchamp to leave alone Lincoln and for John to return Longchamp’s castles as long as Longchamp supported John’s claim to the throne should Richard die on crusade.
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27
Q

What did Longchamp do in September 1191 that allowed him to be challenged again

A

In September Longchamp tries to arrest Geoffrey illegitimate son of Henry II and archbishop of York.

Reminds people of the Becket tragedy

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28
Q

What is the consequence of Longchamp trying to arrest Geoffrey Archbishop of York

A
  • He is placed on trial by the Council of Regency for abuse of Royal Power
    • doesn’t attend his trial, instead fleeing for France and being replaced by de Coutances.
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29
Q

How did Walter of Coutances differ from Longchamp’s arrogance

A

He was more circumspect than Longchamp had been and more careful to act in Richards name with the support of regency council

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30
Q

Why was Richard captured

A

He had to go through vienna where Count Leopold was, the one he had disrespected, but he was too famous to disguise himself

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31
Q

What did John do upon hearing that Richard was captured

A

He declared that Richard was dead and his right to the throne, yet the council rejected his demands and even his own supporters were too afraid to publicly back him

32
Q

What did John do with Phillip in 1193

A
  • In 1193, John fled to Paris and forged an alliance with Phillip II and began hiring mercenaries
    • promising to yield the Vexin to Phillip
33
Q

How much was decided to be raised for Richard’s ranasom

A

Regency council worked from may to December 1193 to raise the gigantic 150,000 marks required to ransom Richard

34
Q

Who did Richard nominate as chief justiciar in December 1193 to prepare for the king’s release

A

nominated his servant Hubert Walter, the new Archbishop of Canterbury, as the chief justiciar and preparations were made for the King’s imminent release.

35
Q

What did Richard do upon returning to England

A
  • Had a second coronation
    • Held a council at Nottingham where he dismissed Johns followers and reinstated others such as the family of William Longchamp
36
Q

What prinicpal job was given to Hubert Walter by Richard

A

raise revenue for his war with Phillip II

37
Q

Who was Hubert’s uncle, whom he also grew up with

A
  • Hubert was the nephew of the extremely competent justiciar Ranulf Glanvill who he grew up with; giving Hubert a background and education steeped in the adminstration of the English government
38
Q

What positions (apart from Chief Justiciar) gave Hubert immense authority in England

A

He was both Archbishop of Canterbury and given legatine authority

39
Q

What 2 main fines did Hubert exploit to raise unprecedented amounts of money

A
  • Feudal incidents including feudal reliefs, wardships and the marriages of baronial widows were all used to raise unprecedented amounts of money
    • Forest Eyres did likewise and amercements reached record levels
40
Q

What did Hubert do to ensure the safety of Jewish debts

A

Administrative reforms were put in place at the exchequer to regulate the wealth of the Jews and make sure the record of their debts were safely stored

One copy was retained by the lender and another placed in a chest, known as an archa, which was heavily secured

41
Q

How did Hubert tackle potential corruption from sherrifs

A

in September 1194, sheriffs were forbidden to act as justices in their own shires or in other areas where they held significant personal interest

Hubert also set up the office of the coroner

42
Q

What was the office of coroner

A
  • a series of local officers, answerable to central government, independent of the sheriff and who could check up on their actions to ensure that more of the money raised reached the exchequer
  • Also heard crown plea cases that the Sheriff was banned from hearing
    • coroner had to be relatively wealthy to make him less susceptible to bribery
43
Q

What was the Edictum Regium that Hubert Walter introduced

A
  • a process was begin under which all men over the age of 15 were compelled to swear an oath to keep the peace
    • knights were appointed for the special task of receiving these oaths - these became justices of the peace
44
Q

What standardisation did Huber undertake in November 1196

A

Implements the Assize of Weights and Measures that ordered that weights and measures should be standardised , this was immensely popular and stimulated trade

45
Q

What allowed Hubert to act with absolute authority in comparison to his predecessors

A

Richards close proximity enabled Hubert

46
Q

What backlash did Hubert experience

A
  • The financial exactions that he undertook were unpopular, In 1196 there was a revolt against them
  • He was also defied by the English bishops in December 1197 when they rejected the claim that they had to provide military service overseas
    • In 1198 faced with the accummulation of years of unpopular decisions and increased pressure from a new pope he resigned
47
Q

What are the constables that Hubert creates

A
  • 4 knights local to each area who would administer law and order in each area.
    • He did this in order to give responsibility to junior nobles less likely to abuse their power than sheriffs.
48
Q

What did Richard and John say to Henry VI (Richards captor)

A

Offered him 80,000 marks to hold Richard priosner until Michealmas 1194

49
Q

What happens between John and Richard when he arrives back to England

A
  • John joins Richard and gives him Evreux
    • Richard forgives him while describing him as a foolish child
50
Q

What did Phillip do with John surrendering the Vexin to him

A
  • Phillip’s invasion of Normandy in 1193 resulted in the surrender of the key fortress of Gisors
    • Most of North Eastern Normandy fell into his hands and John was given the city of Evreux to hold
51
Q

What humiliating peace for Phillip’s first invasion were Richard’s men forced to agree to at Mantes July 1193

A
  • Phillip kept all of his territorial gains
  • As well as the major strongholds of Drincourt, Arques, Loches and Chantillon-sur-Indres
    • Agreed that Richard would pay him 20,000 marks
52
Q

What was the peace treaty agreed at Mantes July 1193

A
  • Phillip kept all of his territorial gains
  • As well as the major strongholds of Drincourt, Arques, Loches and Chantillon-sur-Indres
    • Agreed that Richard would pay him 20,000 marks
53
Q

What happened to Phillips invasion of 1194 when Richard was released

A
  • Most of the barons defected to Richard including John who handed Evreux in the process
  • Richard’s forces drove Phillip out of Normandy and by June he was reasserting his authority in Greater-Anjou
  • He occupied Tours and recaptured the key fortress of Loches
    • It was clear that the Capetian king was on the back foot and he arranged a truce on 23rd July 1194
54
Q

What did Richard and Phillip do throughout 1195

A
  • throughout 1195 the 2 kings seized, built and demolished castles
    • Alice was returned to Phillip in August 1195 to be married to William, Count of Ponthieu to secure an alliance against Richard
55
Q

What was the January 1196 Peace of Louviers

A
  • the territory that Richard has recaptured was recognised
    • in return Phillip kept control of most of the Vexin, including the critical castle of Gisors
56
Q

How did Richard respond to Phillip keeping Gisors

A
  • Richard responded by building the new castle known as Chateau Galliard at the town of Les Andelys
  • The existence of it meant Richard had effectively secured the Seine valley downstream to Rouen and mitigated Richard’s loss of the Vexin
57
Q

What array of alliances had Richard built up by 1198

A
  1. October 1196 he secured an alliance with the new count of Toulouse, Raymon VI, through the count’s marriage to Richard’s sister Joan
  2. A trade embargo on Flanders forced by 1197 count Baldwin IX had also switched sides
  3. By 1198 he was joined by Count Renaud of Boulonge
  4. Pope Innocent III supported Richard’s nephew to become the new Emperor
58
Q

What truce in 1199 clearly indicated Richard having the upper hand

A

Phillip was forced to renounce all his gains except the Gisors in the Vexin

59
Q

How much did Richard spent on Chateau Galliard

A

Richard expended some 15-20k on Gaillard in 1196, more than the 7k spent on English castles in his entire reign

60
Q

What statistic shows how much Richard had sold off the royal offices

A

by the end of 1198 only 5 pre-existing sheriffs remained in their posts

61
Q

How much did Richard raise in 1190

A

The pipe roll of 1190 showed that he had raised the staggering total of £31,000 that year, far more than his father had ever achieved

62
Q

What tax and feudal aid was employed to raise the ransom for Richard

A
  • After Richards capture a tax of 25% on all revenues was imposed on all laymen as well as upon the English Church
    • A feudal aid was also raised from Richard’s knights amounting to £1 per knight’s fee
63
Q

How did fines for wardships increase under Richard

A

Fines received for wardships increased under Richard from an average of 176 marks to 1158 marks

64
Q

How did funds from baronial widows increase under Richard in 1198 alone compared to the total reign of Henry II

A

Funds from baronial widows rose from a total of around 2100 marks in the total reign of Henry II to around 1700 marks in 1198 alone

65
Q

How did amercements for the forest eyre increase once commenced in 1198

A
  • A widely hated forest eyre commenced in 1198 with proceeds that rose from £22 in 1197 to £748 in 1198
66
Q

How much of the real value of the royal demense was Richard able to access by 1198 compared to Henry II

A

Henry II had been able to utilise 60% of the real value of the royal demense this had shrunk to just 39% by 1198

67
Q

Give a town that Richard sold charters to in 1189 and 1194

A

In 1189 he sold charters to towns including Hereford, Bath, Colchester and Northampton

In 1194 charters were sold to Norwich, Doncaster and Portsmouth

68
Q

What made charters a good way of raising money

A
  • Charters were a relatively painless short term means of extracting money; yet they granted towns rights which in the long term, increased the profitability of their economic activities and granted them a larger say in how they administered themselves
    • The granting of charters stimulated the economic growth of English towns and their increasing prosperity
69
Q

What did Richard to to Flanders in 1194

A
  • In 1194 Richard I enforced an embargo on English trade with Flanders
    • This economic welfare had a serious impact on certain towns since Flanders was a major importer of English wool and grain; Flemish goods were seized and sold in England and merchants trading with them was fined
70
Q

What is an example of a fine for dealing with Flemish merchants

A

e.g. Simon Kime was fined 1000 marks for allowing Flemish merchants to leave from Boston Fair in Lincolnshire with their goods

71
Q

What were the main causes of Jewish Persecution

A
  • Economic resentment
  • Third Lateran Council of 1179 ordered Christians to minimise contact/relations w Jews
  • Seizing Jewish wealth for the Crusade/ attacking infidels
  • Hostility also grew from blood libel myths of the fanatical tales of the sacrifice of Christian children had become increasingly common
72
Q

What was the first major incident of Jewish Persecution

A
  • The first major incident of Richard I’s reign occurred at his coronation at Westminister in 1189 where the King had forbidden the Jewish delegation from entering the hall
  • However some were pushed inside and this prompted a mass attack on the Jews by the crowd
    • This mob then spread throughout the city of London and there were attacks upon Jewish persons and property that lasted until the next day
73
Q

What happened to Jews after Richard departed for the Crusade

A
  • surge of attacks made against Jews throughout England
  • Riots broke out in Lynn and spread to towns such as Norwich , Stamford , Lincoln and Colchester
    • 57 jews were massacred at Bury St Edmunds on Palm Sunday 1190
74
Q

What was the most notorious act of Jewish Persecution in Richard’s absence

A
  • Nobles, knights and the citizens of York joined in the attacks on the small Jewish community; killing many and forcing the rest to take refuge in Clifford’s Tower
  • The leader of the mob was led by the castellan, Richard Malebisse, who like many were heavily indebted to the Jews
    • The record of the debts to the Jews were also tagreted for destruction
75
Q

What was the long term response of the crown to Jewish Persecution

A
  • Royal justices were formally established to oversee the tallage of the Jews to ensure that their wealth was fully exploited by the Crown
  • Debts to the Jews were to be formally recorded and stored in such a manner that the Crown would be able to recover them after the death of the original owner:

e.g. One copy was retained by the lender and another placed in a chest, known as an archa, which was heavily secured

(Read Bio!) A Level History AQA: Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings (13 decks)

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