The End of John's Reign 1214-16 Flashcards
What were the preconidtions John fufilled for a successful attempt to recover his continental teritories
- Reforged alliances with his nephew Otto IV, Count Ferrad of FLander, Count Renaud of Boulonge
- Utilised subsidies to pursude them to a coalition
- Langton made truce with the Welsh
- War chest from feudal incidents and booty from French after Battle of the Damme
- Papal vassal and Nicholas Tuscalm to keep England under control
What was John’s problems with the barons (especialy northerners) in 1213 before he went off to France
They wouldn’t pay the scutage claiming it was outside of England and they were too impoverished already
How was John somewhat reconciled to his barons in November 1213 before he went off to France
Langoton reconciled John to the northerns on 1st November 1213 at Wallingford where he made concessions
John summoned his tenants in Chiefs in early November to Oxford and it was an extremely delicate relationship
What may have Langton draw the barons attention to
the attention of the barons to the coronaiton charter of King Henry I as a way to establish their rights
What is the ‘Unknown Charter of Liberties’
Document from this period that proposes that the King should cocnede tthat his barons are not required to serve in an army outside of England and that the scutage should never exceed a mark
Who did John appoint as Chief Justiciar before he left for France
Poitevin and loyal Bishop of Winchester Peter des Roches
as a parvenu and able justiciar he was disliked and ruled with an iron hand
What happened when John landed at La Rochelle
- John embarked at Portsmouth with few Earls and msotly had lesser knights and mercenaries
- Many Poitevin barons came to La Rochelle and swore allegiance to the English King
What happened when John landed at La Rochelle
- John embarked at Portsmouth with few Earls and msotly had lesser knights and mercenaries
- Many Poitevin barons came to La Rochelle and swore allegiance to the English King
How did John secure the crucial counties of Angouleme, La Marche and the Limousin
he concluded a truce with the local baronage along with receiving the homage of the Count of Perigord in the south of Limousin
Why did John go from La Rochelle to Angouleme to Gascony in what seemed like random movements
To confuse and fustrate Phillip who was waiting on the borders of Poitou
Caused Phllip to return to Flanders
Also John wanted to see the strength of his territories resources and impress his presence upon the barons
What did Phillip’s return to Flanders allow John to do
Launch his efforts to get the Lusignans to do homage him
By the 25th May they had all done homage to him
What was the marriage contract with the Lusignans
John’s daughter with Isabella of Angouleme was to be betrothed to Hugh IX’s son, Hugh. Witnessed by many Poitevin barons
Phillip vindicated John by saying that Joan (Johns daughter) should marry his son Louis
What did John do at the port of Nantes
John went to Nantes and quickly took the port among the prisoners being a cousin of the French King
What happened when the garrison of Roche-au-Moine were just about to surrender
Louis arrived with rienforments
By Summer 1214 what had John nearly captured
All of Anjou, would’ve sparked defections
How did the Poitevin barons react to Louis arriving at Roche-au-Moine
They refused to participate in a pitched battle with Louis forcing John to retreat and allow Louis to take the castle
A week later he was back in La Rochelle and begged England’s barons for support
How delayed were the allies and how did Phillip take advantage of this
It was not until the 3rd week of July that the Allies were prepared as Otto lingered at his daughter’s wedding for too long
Phillip prepared by widening the bridge of Bouvins to allow all his infantry, baggage and crucial cavalry to cross
What were the composition of the 2 armies
- The allied army consisted of 40,000 men including 1,500 knights
- The French had a slighlty smaller force but were stronger in heavy and light cavalry
What proved decisive in the Battle of Bouvines
Phillip’s stronger cavalry destroyed the right wing of the allied forces, unhorsing Otto and thus making Germans, Hollanders and English troops flee
Who was captured in the Battle of Bouvines
Most of John’s allies
Earl of Salisbury, Count of Boulonge, Count of Flanders, 25 barons and hundreds of knights
What was the truce that John secured with Phillip
- The treaty was John paid 60,000 marks for a five year truce
Each side would retain their prisoners
Phillips supremacy in Flanders should be recognised
his adherents should keep all the terriorty held from the time the truce came into effect
What was the significant of the aftermath of the Battle of Bouvines
- Ended the hopes of restoration of the Angevin Empire
- Johns alliances ruined as they stayed in Prison
- Led to fall of Otto and sparked the First Barons War
How long were Count Reginald of Boulonge and Count Ferrand of Flanders imprisoned for
Ferrand remained a prisoner for 12 years and Renaud remained in captivity for the rest of his life
What happend to Otto IV
Otto died cildlesss in 1218 and Phillip’s ally Frederick II became known as ‘the Wonder of the World’
What was John’s return to England like after the failure in France
John found barons who hated the lvying of a special ‘aid’ to pay for the costs of lifting the interdict and Peter des Roche’s Iron fist
John imposed a very high scutage of 3 marks for those who refused to accompany him to Poitou
How did Jon attempt to prevent a rebellion
removed unpopulr sheriffs from northern counties, remitted some of his fiinancial claims on those who remained in office
What were the 3 causes of rebellion in 1215
1)Unrealised ambition of disappointed men : barons who felt deliberately and unfairly excluded from the King’s favour that would bestow grants, pensions, wardships and marriages. John gave while he took creating a baronage of ‘ins’ and ‘outs’. The northern barons were mostly outs according to Professor Holt
2) Accumulation of resentment among the baronage: steady increase in Johns demands along with his unsuccessfulness. Drove barons to borrow from Jews at high rates of interests who were seen as royal agents themselves
3) Intensification of the resentment: constantly made to submit to new forms of taxation over and aboce the scutages imposed in war
How high was the yield of the ‘thirteenth’ tax and what type of barons did it hurt
the yield of the ‘thirteenth’ levied on rev. and properties in 1207 had exceeded the highest scutages. Hurt barons like Eustace de Vesci who had a business (developing Alnmouth) as a port
How did John react to the ‘charter of liberties granted by Henry I’ that the barons wanted him to confirm
- Upon arriving in England he delayed
- Formal meeting took place in London on 6th January 1215 where Barons arrived with arms
- John gave them safe conduct but delayed an answer until the Sunday after Easter
- Dissident barons fortified castles and demanded another answer to which John delayted to the 26th April
How did John react to the potential of a baronial uprising (pre-Magna Carta)
- He tried to delay it as he was bankrupt and discredited
- Raised some Poitevin barons but then dismissed them; wanted to be seen as a victim
- Wrote to Innocent III and on 4th March took an oath as a Crusader
What was Langton’s role in the baronial uprising
Langton was sympathetic to the barons and so while
he pretended to mediate, he in fact simply encouraged the barons with their demands, and it was
suggested it was he who first brought the charter of Henry I to the barons attention.
How did Innocent III respond to John’s intial warnings of an uprising and the barons not paying the scutage
- Innocent warned barons of conspiracy and repireved Langton. On 1st April Popoe said the baronage must pay the scutage and John satisfied with the matter stopped recruiting mercenaries from Poitou
What happened on the 30th April 1215 at Wallingford
On 30th April John rejected the Barons at Wallingford causing the barons to renounce their honage and appoint Robert fitz-Walter the comander-in-chief of ‘the Army of God and the Holy Church’
Rebels then took Bedford
How did John respond to barons renouncing their homage and apointing Robert Fitz Walter as their leader
- John tried to sort out the difference along with a promise of amnesty
- He showed more goodwilll by undertaking to submit fines that he had impose on two of his enemies Geoffrey de Mandeville (Earl of Essex) and Giles de Braose (bishop of Hereford) to the judgement of a court
- But these were rejected and on the 12th of May John gave orders to seize the estates of the rebels
In 1215 and 1216 how many barons could be counted as rebels; how many of these were important barons
- At no point did the rebels have the active support of England; in 1215 only 40 barons can be counted as rebels by the end of 1216 the numer of rebel barons had increased to 97
only 13 of the 27 ,most important barons supported the rebels in 1215 and by 1216 that had fallen to 8
Who were the most important rebels and where did they come from
- Opposition to John was strongest in the north and East Anglia
- Prominent northern rebels included William de Mowbray. Eustsace de Vesci and Gilbert de Grant with the service of 79 knights were vitally important
- Other important rebel barons included Henry de Bohun, earl of Hereford, William Marshal the younger, Saer de Quincy, earl of Winchester and Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford
