The crisis of Royal Authority, 1166–1174 Flashcards
1
Q
What is apolisitic succession
A
Following from Peter, the Bishop of Rome (pope) as christs representative
2
Q
What was the structure of the Secular Church
A
Pope
College of Cardinals - advisors to pope
Archbishop - head of an ecclesiastical province
Bishop - head of a diocese
Priests - head of a parish
3
Q
What the Regula(r) Church
A
regula = rule
aimed to recreate the ‘40 days in the desert’
based on the 3 Benedictine vows; ‘poverty, chastitiy and obedience’
4
Q
What did the Regular Church do
A
- prayer
- hospitality
- follow monastic life
5
Q
What did Priests do
A
Mass, Administer 7 sacraments
6
Q
What did (Arch)bishops do
A
- Administer a(n) (arch)diocese
- ordain priests
- oversee courts, investigate herecy
7
Q
What did the Pope do
A
- Vicar of Christ
- Final aribter in ecclesiastical justice
- Ruler of papal states
- elected from college of cardinals
8
Q
What is the 2 Swords Letter
A
A letter from Pope Gelasious to Emperor Anastasius demonstrating the superiority of religious power
9
Q
What was the Gregorian Reforms (1050)
A
A series of reforms intiated by Pope Greogry VII to attack corruption and insist on religious supremacy
10
Q
Who were the instigators of the Gregorian Reforms started in 1050
A
Gregory VII (dates) – attacked simony and clerical marriage, insisted on supremacy of the Church. Led to Investiture Contest.
Innocent III (dates) – Most powerful pope of the Middle Ages. Tighter regulation of the Church (Fourth Lateran Council 1215); calls Fourth Crusade.
11
Q
What was the Lay Investitute Crisis
A
Laymen investing churchmen with their powers of office:
- lay investitute could influence church power
- laymen had more power than church
12
Q
How was the Lay Investitue Crisis solved (quasi-solution)
A
Concordant of Worms 1122: Church would invest clergy with symbols of their office but monarchs can still attend and thus influence elections
13
Q
What was Phillip de Brois accused of and the case
A
accused of murder, then acquited, but when a royal officer insisted on retrying it
Phillip de broi refused and poured abused on him, he was retried but acquited again (by Becket) but gave him a sentence of scourging
14
Q
What was Henry II’s reaction to the case of Phillip de Brois
A
- Henry was disatisfied
said ‘ By God’s eyes’ and ‘you shall make oath to me that you gave a just judgement and spared the man not because he was a clerk’
motivated him to introduce justice of his grandfather
15
Q
What was the History of the Investitute Crisis in England
A
Henry I Concordat of London 1107 sees Henry renounce the right to invest English bishops
16
Q
What was the context of Henry’s wish to control the Church
A
- Determinted to exercise the same control his grandfather did:
- Controlling appointments of prelates
- Controlling communications between the Church and the Papacy
17
Q
Why could Henry not immediately try to control the growth of Church reform
A
He was indebted to Theobald of Bec who supported him against Stephen
18
Q
How did Henry take advantage of Theobald of Bec’s death
A
- Reissued decrees of the Council of Lillebonne (1080) that established firm controls over the norman church
- Pushed for Thomas Becket to be elected as Archbishop of Canterbury
19
Q
How did Henry and Becket sour over principle
A
- Henry refused the freedoms of criminous clerks; 1/6 of the people could claim to be a clerk
- Becket was a staunch supporter of spirtual matters and nothing to do with spiritual authority
20
Q
How was Henry and Beckets relationship prior to his election as Archbishop of Canterbury
A
Becket had acted for henry as Chancellor to raise money from the Church, perform diplomacy in France and had Henry the Young King in his own household
21
Q
How did Becket and Henrys conflict progress in 1163
A
- Becket surrendered chancellorship and publicly refused to pay sheriff’s aid in July 1163 at the council of Woodstock
- Becket only swore a partial oath ‘saving their order’ at the Council of Westminster in October 1163
- Henry removed all of Beckets estates, Young Henry from his house
- Sought papal legateship for his enemies such as Roger, Archbishop of York
22
Q
How did Becket and Henry’s conflict progress in 1164
A
- At Council of Clarendon in January, Henry demanded the bishops to uphold the consitutions to which Becket eventually surrendered only to refuse and send it to Alexander II
- After which the doors to Woodstock were shut in his face
- Henry trumped up charges at the council of Norhampton about financial misconduct
- Becket fled to the continent and Henry seixed all of his churches while forbading all papal appeals
23
Q
How did Becket and Henry’s conflict progress in 1164
A
- At Council of Clarendon in January, Henry demanded the bishops to uphold the consitutions to which Becket eventually surrendered only to refuse and send it to Alexander II
- After which the doors to Woodstock were shut in his face
- Henry trumped up charges at the council of Norhampton about financial misconduct
- Becket fled to the continent and Henry seixed all of his churches while forbading all papal appeals
24
Q
How did Becket and Henrys conflict change in 1165-6
A
- Pope quashes Becket’s sentence and asks for negotiations through Gilbert Foliot
- Henry threatens Pope to support the anti-pope Pascal
- Pope asks Louis VII to protect Becket
1166
- English Church Council writes to Alexander denouncing Becket
- Becket condems Consitutions of Clarendon and excommunicates enemies
25
How did the conflict between Henry and Becket evolve from 1167-9
1167
* Henry offers compromise on Clarendon, Becket refuses
1168
* Pope instructs Henry to restore Becket's authority in England by March 1169 and Becket told he can return
1169
* Becket attends **Montmirail** and throws himself on the king's mercy but later insists on the ‘dignity of the Church’ forcing Henry to leave angrily
* Beckets authority restored and he **excommunicates Gilbert Foliot** and other **royal officials**
26
How did the conflict between Henry and Becket change in 1170
* Roger of York coronates Henry ‘the Young King’ against traditions
* Becket threatens to place England under an interdict
* Meets with Henry at Freteval and is allowed to return with no conclusion on the Constitutions
* Becket **excommunicates** the bishops involved in the coronation
* Henry hears of Beckets actions and explodes leading to his death
27
What did Henry II's appeals to the Pope about Becket involve
* Sent ambassadors to Pope Alexander III that htinted if he failed to support him then he might recognise the authority of his rival, the **antipope Paschal III**
e. g. May 1165 Richard of Ilchester even swore allegiance to Paschal
* June 1166, Gilbert Foliot led an English church council in London that send a joint letter from the bishops to Alexander III asserting how **reasonable Henry II had been and how unjustly Becket was acting**
28
What was Beckets attitude to the Constitutions of Clarendon
* In 1166 he **formally denounced** them and excommunicating his enemies
* His opposition to many of Englands customs such as criminous clerks and excommunication was a **major stumbling block** in reconciliation
* In November 1167 Henry **offered a compromise** which the papal legates accepted but **Becket refused**
29
How did the interventions of Pope Alexander II prolong the Becket conflict
* Played an important role in **prolonging the conflict** as he was a **reformer** but **couldn't risk alienating Henry II** in fear of him recognising the **rival claimants** to the papacy
* The Pope's interventions meant **neither had a dominant position**
e.g. refusing constitutions of clarendon but agreeing to make Roger of York a papal legate
Promising to restore Beckets power in 1169 but pardoning those he excommunicated in 1170
30
How did the interventions of Gilbert Foliot prolong the Becket crisis
* Seems Foliot viewed the situation as a result of the broken relationship between Henry and Becket and Beckets **desire for respect**
* 1165 he led an English Church Council that called on the Pope to **act against Becket**
* Also wrote an open letter called *Multiplicem* that levelled a **devastating personal attack on Becket**
* Without Foliot and Roger of York's support, it would've been very hard for Henry II to continue to make his case
31
How did the Interventions of Becket's allies prolong the Becket conflict
* Louis VII of France provided him with safe refuge
* Herbert of Bosham taught Becket theology and **urged him to continue his fight against Henry II**, this strengthened his resolve and commitment
32
What was the intial reaction to the murder of Becket
* Louis VII of France and Theobald of Blois wrote to **condemn** the English King and demand justice
* William of Sens placed all of Henry II's continental territories under **interdict**
* Only public submission by the king to the pope's judgement did they avert the laying of an interdict upon England
33
What did Henry do till 1172 when he returned to England
* He conquered Ireland and reformed it to show he was a **loyal servant of the papacy**
* By this time the Pope had lifted the excommunications on Henry's bishops
* Agreed to the **Compromise of Avranches**
34
What was the Compromise of Avranches of 1172
* Paid to maintain 200 knights templat to defend Jerusalem and was to take the cross himself and set off in one yuear
* Agreed to **abolish the Constiutions of Clarendon**
* Henry was **explicitly forbidden to block appeal** to Rome and he agreed that with the exception of treason the secular courts did not have juridiction over the clergy
35
What concilitary actions did Henry perform in 1173 and 1174 for the Church
* Accepted **canonisation of Becket in 1173**
* in July 1174 **made public penance** at Canterbury where he was scourged by the bishops and monks
36
What was the **English Concordant of 1176**
1. Clerks wouldn't be brought before Royal Courts (except for forest offences/ failing to perform a lay service for a lay fief)
2. Clerks wouldn't be forced to engage in judicial dues
3. Those who killed Clerks would have their family disinherited and capital punishment
4. Henry would no longer keep Church Land vacant for more than a year, excluding a clear and urgent need
37
What did the affect of the **English Concordant of 1176** and the **Compromise of Avranches of 1174** acheive
* Gave the impression that Henry had conceded much to the Church
38
What suggests that the **Compromise of Avranches of 1174** and the **English Concordant of 1176** wasn't punitive as orignially thought
* Exceptions from immunity from royal persecution meant Henry II kept much of the legal jurisdiction he had been seeking as he was able to define ‘exceptional circumstances’
e. g. Archbishop of York remained vacant from 1181-1189
* In 1178 Alexander allowed Henry's royal courts to **decide wether disputed property was held by secular or ecclesiastical tenure** (in effect legalising the 9th clause in the Constiutions of Clarendon)
* Ensured his supporters was elefcted as bishops
e.g. ‘e.g*. I order you to hold a free election but forbid you to elect anyone save Richard of Ilchester, my clerk’*
39
What did Carpenter say about Thomas Becket?
' '***Becket had done no more than destroy the written definitions he himself had provoked***'
40
What was the context to the invasions of Ireland in 1169/71
* Motivation to get Land for John
* Adrivan IV had supported an invasion through his papal bull *Laudabiliter*
-Henry initially tried to restrain the nobles who had invaded Ireland by imposing an embargo on
Anglo-Irish shipping and ordered his vassals back to England
41
Describe the invasion of Ireland in 1169
* Dermot MacMurrough the King of Leinster was driven out and sought Henry's assitance
* Henry premitted him to recruit an invasion force including **Earl of Pembroke Richard FitzGilbert de Clare** (Strongbow) who was to marry hsi daughter and the inheritance of Leinstwe
* They sailed off w/o Henry's permission and **captued Dublin by 1170**, which troubled Henry that they would carve out their own kingdoms
42
How did Henry stretch his royal authority to Ireland
* Intially **imposed an embargo** on Ireland and ordered his vassals back to England, who ignored him
* in 1171 Henry crossed with his own invasion force of 500 knights, he then received submission from the Norman barons, prelates of the Irish Church and a number of minor Irish Kings
43
How did Henry establish some Angevin control in Ireland
* Leinster was a barony held by Richard FitzGilbert
* Royal officials held key towns of Dublin Wexford and Waterford
* Meath was gien to Hugh de Lacy to establish authority over the local king
44
How did Henry's control in Ireland weaken
In 1174, when beset by rebels in other parts of his territories, Henry recalled Strongbow, Hugh de Lacy and others, leaving his control of Ireland somewhat tenuous; this insecurity persisted for the immediate future
45
What was Henry II original inheritance plan
* Young Henry to get his paternal inheritance; England, Normany Anjou
* Richard to possess maternal inheritance; Aquitaine
* Geoffrey to acquire Brittany, upon marriage to the heiress of the previous duke
46
What was the background of Henry the Young King to the Great Rebellion
* At **Montmiral January 1169** it was agreed Young Henry and Richard would his french land **directly from the French King** and both perfomed homage, presenting each other as **equal**
* Henry the Young King had no real power; he was skint with no lands and borrowed money from father-in-law to live in a certain degree of luxury for his wife
47
What was the marriage treaty Henry II arranged for John
in 1172 between Count Humbert of Maurienne's daughter and John
John at age 3 was given **Chinon** in Touraine, **Mirebeau** and **Loudon** in Poitou
humiliating Henry the Young King and the rest of his sons
48
How did Henry encroach on Eleanor's rights
Henry took homage from the Count of Toulouse in place of eleanor
49
How does Young Henry respond to John being given Chinon, Mirebeau and Lonudon
He demands his inheritance, saying these claims arent supported not only by the barons of England and Normandy but by Louis VII of France
50
How did Henry II contribute to causing the Great Rebellion
* Went beyond general intent by investin both Henry the Young King and Richard with their paternal and maternal inheritance respectively
* Let them swear allegiance to Louis but not him
* Embittered them by **restricting access to any real power**
e.g. In 1173 the Count of Toulouse erformed homage first to Henry II
51
How did Eleanor of Acquitaine contribute to causing the Great Rebellion
* fustration in **lacking political authority** herself
e. g. although she had been sent to Aquitaine to head a regency council, Henry II had intervened on several occasions in a **humiliating** way
- Likely she wouldve been encouraged in her actions by the independent-minded lords of Aquitaine who frequently regarded Henry II as a **foreign oppressor**
52
How did Young Henrys character make the Old King reluctant to give him power
accounts of Young Henry **do not suggest any real interest** or ability with regard to government.
Charm was well known but interest restricted to tournaments and the concept of chivalry.
Moreover land and wealth promised to French princes suggested a degree of **political short-sightedness**
“there were at least two hundred and more … who lived off the purse of the young King and were knights of his”.- *The History of William Marshal*
53
Why did some English barons support the Great Rebellion
* Henrys strong control of the barons (carte baronum, destroying adulterine castles) embittered many
e. g. Hugh Bigod Earl of Norfolk suffered from earlier defiance
54
Why did some Norman barons support the Great Rebellion
Rebellious barons came from the **border region** as Henry had worked to reduce their power and independnce
e.g. Henry, Count of Eu, on the Norman border with Picardy
55
Why did other French possessions of Henry II support the Great Rebellion
* Separatist Rebellions with many feeling no connection to Henry II and saw his sons as their local lords
e. g. In Poitou Ralph de Faye, Eleanor of Acquitaine's uncle, persudaded him to undertake the rebellion
56
How did Louis VII contribute to the Great Rebellion
* Henry's young sons needed Louis' network of alliances to threaten their father
* Louis as **feudal overlord** was in the perfect position to encourage, sanction and direct their rebellion
* He both ended and started the war
57
What was the course of the Great Rebellion from February 1173 till July (nothing in april + june)
February - John recieves 3 castles and Young Henry demands his inheritance
March - Young Henry, Richard and Geoffrey go to paris and Louis summons a **council of French barons to pledge allegiance**
e.g. William of Scotland promised Northumbria, Phillip of Flanders promised Kent
May- Phillip captures Aumale with Henry and Louis attacking Normandy. Bretons attack West Normandy
July - De Lucy attacks rebel town of Leicster but William the Lion prevents him from capturing the castle itself
58
What was the course of the Great Rebellion from August 1173 to November 1173
August - **Phillip of Flanders is captured**. Henry II forces **Louis VII's army to retreat**. Henry II uses mercenaries to attack the Bretons and captures Ralph de Fougeres
September- De Lucy is **drives the Scottish Army back to the border** , Earl Robert of Leicster lands in East Anglia
October : Robert of Leicster joins forces with Hug bigod, Loyalist forces catch up with them and **Robert of Leicster is captured**
November - **Eleanor is captured**
59
What is the course of the Great Rebellion from **April** **1174 - Jun 1174**
April - Rebels try to lure Hnery II to England, William of Scotland crosses the border and **captures Nottingham**
May - Henry II asserts his authority in **Maine and Anjou** and William fails to capture Carlisle. Phillip of Flanders preapre for an invasion of England and Flemings assist Hugh Bigod
June: Henry plans ot return to England; **improves Norman defences**
60
What is the Course of the Great Rebellion from **July 1174 - September 1174**
July - Louis VII of France and Phillip of Flanders **attack Normandy**. Henry II makes a **penitential visit to Canterbury** (12 july) where he is **publicly scourged** to atone for his sins. Robert, de Stuteville, the sheriff of Yorkshire, **captures the King of the Scots.**
**Great Rebellion in England ENDS**
August - Louis and Phillip **fail to capture Rouen** and Henrys arrival on the 8th spells **defeat**. Louis breaks a truce on the 10th in a desparate attempt, the next day Henry drives off the French forces
September: Louis VII agrees to a truce on the 8th of september. Henry II concludes peace negoitations with all of his enemies at Montlouis (30th September)
61
What was the peace treaty at Montlouis
* Young Henry given 2 castles in Normandy and an annual revenue of £15,000
* Richard was given 2 Poitevin castles and half the reveneus of Poitou
* Geoffrey given half the revenues of Brittany
* However Henry drove home the point of **loyalty** by rewarding John **the most**; 2 castles in England, 2 castles in Normandy and 3 in Anjou, as well as revenues from the English and Norman echequers
62
How did Henry deal with Eleanor after the Great Rebellion
she was locked up forever
63
How did Henry deal with King William of Scotland after the Great Rebellion
He was forced to agree to the humiliating **Treaty of Falaise in December 1174** with William **acknowledging Henry's overlordship of Scotland** and to hand over 5 key scottish castles to be manned with an English garrison at his own expense
64
How did Henry deal with rebellious barons immediately after the Great Rebellion
Hugh Bigod of Norfolk, Hugh of Chester and Robert of Leicester lost many of their castles but kept their lands and titles and were eventually released
