The Structure And Function Of The Skeleton Flashcards
What is produced in the red bone marrow?
Red and white blood cells and platelets.
What minerals are stored in the bones?
Calcium and Phosphorus - Essential for many functions including bone growth and development.
What is a neutral spine alignment?
When the position of the spines natural S-shaped curves are all present and aligned.
List the components of a long bone?
- Epiphysis - expanded portions at each end
- Diayphysis - the shaft of the bone
- Epiphyseal plates - allows the diaphysis to increase in length until adulthood
- Hyaline cartilage - covers the ends of the bone
- Periosteum - tough, fibrous sheath covering whole bone
- Compact bone - helps to withstand weight-bearing stress
- Cancellous bone - spongy bone tissue containing red marrow
- Medullary cavity - hollow tube down the centre
- Yellow marrow - stores fat
- Red marrow - production of various types of blood cells
What are the ends of the long bone called?
- Diaphysis
- Periosteum
- Articular cartilage
- Epiphysis
- Epiphysis
What are the factors that affect ossification?
- Nutrition
- Sunlight (vitamin d)
- Hormonal secretions
- Physical activity
What is hyper lordosis?
- Excessive curve of the lumbar vertebrae
- Excessive curve of the thoracic vertebrae
- Excessive curve of the cervical vertebrae
- Excessive curve of the sacral vertebrae
- Excessive curve of the lumbar vertebrae
What is the name of an excess curvature of the lumbar spine?
Hyperlordosis (Lordosis).
Name the spinal deviation?
Kyphosis
Which cells build bone?
- Osteoclasts
- Red blood cells
- Osteoblasts
- White blood cells
- Osteoblasts
Which bone is more proximal - the ischium or the tibia?
The ischium.
What is the name of the main bone shaft?
Diaphysis - contains a thick layer of compact bone with a hollow centre (the medullary cavity).
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
- Twelve
- Four
- Five
- Seven
- Seven
What range of motion are possible at the thoracic spine?
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation.
What type of bone is the sternum?
- A flat bone
- A short bone
- A long bone
- An irregular bone
- A flat bone
How many bones in the Coccygeal vertebra?
Four.
Name the spinal deviation?
Scoliosis
What will happen when osteoclast activity is more dominant than osteoblast activity?
- Bone density will decrease
- Bones will become bigger
- Bone density will increase
- Bones will become smaller
- Bone density will decrease
How many bones in the cervical vertebra?
Seven.
Which bones form the appendicular skeleton?
- Scapula (shoulder blade)
- Clavicle (coller bone)
- humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
- Femur
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Patella (kneecap)
How can diet and exercise affect the health of the bones?
A diet rich in calcium and vitamin D and weight-bearing physical activity causes new bone tissue to form, and this makes bones stronger.
What vital organs are protected by the ribs and sternum?
Heart and lungs.
What range of motion are possible at the cervical spine?
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation.
What is Hyaline cartilage?
Is tissue that forms a temporary skeleton of a foetus and is eventually replaced by bone when calcium is deposited. It is also found at the end of long bones that meet to form the synovial joints.
Which bones are more distal - the carpals or the phalanges?
Phalanges (Most distal) – The bones of the fingers. Carpal bones (Most proximal) – A set of eight irregularly shaped bones.
What range of motion are possible at the lumbar spine?
Rotation and lateral flexion.