The Stewarts

Question 1

Robert II

Answer 1

crowned 1371- aged 55
expected to be king after david died heirless
problem of being on throne after being on royal council
lots of comromises and huge family network
Robert and sons held 8 of 15 earldoms
basically allowed them to govern themselves

Question 2

1380s

Answer 2

war with england and highland lawlessness
1384 palace coup- john earl of carrick takes over administrative kingship but Robert still on throne
1388-battle of otterburn, douglas killed
1389 - Robert II dies

Question 3

Robert III

Answer 3

John crowned robert 1390
David earl of carrick became duke of rothesay (first dukedom)
fife became duke of albany
campaigns by duke in north and west to stop unrest
1399- council set up to assist king
rothesay captured and taken to falkland, now only one heir

Question 4

James I in capture

Answer 4

captured by pirates 1406- held captive in England for 18 years
returned 1424 under Henry V in Treaty of London 1423

Question 5

Albany-Stewart Governorship

Answer 5

Albany takes primary control
limited power of english government , scots just carried on as normal
reaffirming of auld alliance
counicls rather than parliaments
albany seen to be very competent, praised
albany dies 1420, succeeded by son Murdac, not same as dad and had family problems
led to talks to get james back

Question 6

James Is return

Answer 6

£40,000 hospitality expenses to be paid in instalments
regional magnates now had a lot of power, especially albany stewarts
scots suspicious of james and english ambitions and changes to government
Scottish defeat at Verneuil in france, james’ excuse to move against albany stewarts
marries lancastrian Joan Beaufort, civlised european court in linlithgow palace

Question 7

Franco-Scottish Treaty 1428

Answer 7

Marriage of Margaret Stewart to Dauphin Louis
unhappy marriage, margaret died before could be queen
socttish troops in france
1429 seige of orleans (loan of arc)
tension between scots and french, french didnt want to think that they had scots to thank for victory

Question 8

Arbitrary Actions of James I

Answer 8

holding of inheritance for hostage strathearn
arrest of douglas
arrest and forfeiture of earl of Mar
parliament attempted to limit kings actions
king taxed a lot, scot not used to this
136 seige of roxburgh- flees after attempt on his life
graham tries to arrest king, exiled
1437- conspirators assasinate king at blackfriars in perth

Question 9

James II minority

Answer 9

succeeded at 6 years old - royal minority
conspirators of James I rounded up and executed by Joan Beaufort - included last albany stewart
clearing of political stage for king
rise of crichton and livingston - edinburgh and stirling castle

Question 10

Rise of Black Douglases

Answer 10

massive family with land stretching across scotland
1440- black dinner in edinburgh castle - william 6th earl and younger brother murdered by crichton
new earl was massive change in lineage - marriage within extended family to secure lands and control
beginning to reclaim european territories

Question 11

James’ personal rule

Answer 11

1449 treaty of brussells - marriage between james and mary of gueldres
attack on livingston family - forfeited possessions and lands
deteriorating relationship with douglases
seizure of wigton- did eventually back down to douglases but conscious of undermining them

Question 12

crisis of 1542

Answer 12

meeting requested by james, douglas would only go under safe conduct
second day of meetings, argument led to james and courtiers stabbing douglas to death
stirling attacked by the douglases- letter of safe conduct dragged through the streets
later that year parliament exorerates kings

Question 13

End of douglases

Answer 13

new earl and james make peace
lanark bond 1453- allows marriage between earl and margaret of galloway
1455- douglases ask english king for help- james charged him as a traitor and forfeited
destoying of douglas castle with james II new artillery weapons (mons meg)

Question 14

James II and Parliament

Answer 14

Act of Annexation 1455- crown has to finance own lifestyle through hits own land
james seems to stick to this over next 5 years, also build back up nobility eg Campbells in argyle
other than campbells, not terrotiral, just made ear;s of lands they already had
lords of parliament- not reals lords, could come to parliament if they wanted, adopted by kings and used prequently

Question 15

Roxburgh campaign 1460

Answer 15

James II killed by expolding artillery weapon
young James III crowned at Roxburgh instead of scone to allow seige too continue
another royal minority- initially led by Mary of Gueldres
factional struggles and rise of boyd family

Question 16

Early James III

Answer 16

1468 marriage between James and Margaret of Denmarl (dowry included orkney and shetland)
1470- pro-english policy by james
1474- anglo-scottish truce and planned marriage alliance, blocked by scottish parliament

Question 17

1480s

Answer 17

crisis of 1482 - james seized at lauder bridge - taken to edinburgh castle by scots
english army marches north but has to return south again
james released becuase nobles dont know what to do with him - scottish relationship with crown
1483 death of edward IV and recoveery of James III power
economic problem- static adinistration of justice and raising of money for campaigns - black money

Question 18

rebellion of 1488

Answer 18

james had managed to alienate most of his loyal nobles
ealdest son also alienated
so staged rebellion
june 1488 battle of sauchieburn - king found dead after battle so dont know what happened

Question 19

James IV pre-kingship

Answer 19

corwned 1488 but didnt begin ruling until 1495
spent time ‘learning the trade’
aimed to avoid issues creating dangerous tension
concerned with positive image projection
diplomatic pressure on tudor regime
understood consultative assemblies and those who had a role to play in government

Question 20

Perkin Warbeck

Answer 20

1490- claimed to be Richard duke of York
1496- James backed warbeck - scots invaded northern england
led henry VII to sign treaty of perpetual peace 1503
marriage between James IV and Margaret Tudor
puts sots in line for english throne

Question 21

Patronage of the Arts

Answer 21

impact of royal residences, clothes, books, music etc on royal court
strong diplomatic trading links with europe
competitors from across europe coming to attend james’ tournaments
focus on architecture - stirling hammer beam roof, big windows for light on king and queen, impractical but show of power
pageantry and display rather than use as a fortified building

Question 22

Primary sources

Answer 22

Parliament declaration of killing of douglas 1452 - parliament had no choice but to find james innocent
Scotichronicon - popular attitudes towards James I
Pedro Lopez de Ayala on Scotland - walking advertisement for why france should ally with scots and James IV rather than english

Question 23

Secondary Sources

Answer 23

Harris- shows ambivolence in historiography - some think he was a tyrant, other think he was enlightened