Scottish Wars Of Independence

Question 1

Previously

Answer 1

scottish nobility working as a group as power comes directly from royal authority
similarities with england in terms of relationship between king and community
Henry III encourages peace and avoids conflict, but still holds power in scotland to an extent
Alexander III refusing to pay homage, but marries Henry IIIs daughter
aristocracy united in anglo-scottish peace

Question 2

Edward I Background

Answer 2

in england - law-giver king, in soctland /wales - megalomaniac
destroyed the welsh monarchy
1282 war- no hope for peace, causes region to come under direct english rule
huge castle building eg Conwy/ Caernarfon
shired off wales, recruit soldiers

Question 3

Crisis of 1286

Answer 3

Alexander dies, Margaret of Norway heir
guardians of the peace appointed
kingdom becomes a community, not a ruler
1290- treaty of marriage between margaret and future edward II (first mention of scottish parliament)
margaret dies en route to orkney
fears of civil war

Question 4

Edwards intervention

Answer 4

despite Scottish opposition, edward becomes sovereign lord of scotland
john Balliol chosen as king, pays homage
scots perform military service for english in france
1296- balliol refuses edward and starts movement againt him

Question 5

1296 campaign

Answer 5

edward marches north
balliol stripped of title and stone of destiny
ragman roles- submission of scottish lords
after this edwards sees scotland as extension of his kingdom, however leaves scotland ‘half-finished’ to focus on france

Question 6

wallace

Answer 6

huge scottish rebellion
north - andrew moray, southwest wallace
dont know much about wallace
1297 - stirling bridge, wallace made guardian of the realm
12988- falkirk, but edward unable to consolidate win
executed 1305

Question 7

Scottish military tactics

Answer 7

aliies with french and pope
defensive approach to warfare, eg using difficult terrain
able to maintain sort of government in aberdeen to administrate campaign
use of skirmishes rather than battle
use of schiltrons

Question 8

Bruce Background

Answer 8

aristocratic fmaily since norman conquest
7th in name
descendant of david earl of huntingdon
family supported edward in 1296 campaign, bruce rebelled
298- he and comyn guardians of scotland

Question 9

edwards second conquest

Answer 9

winter 1304
extremely determined, nobles kind of just gave up
still used warwolf at stirling castle
september 1305- ordinances of good government - scottish nobles involved in running england
bruce remains loyal to edward

Question 10

Bruce comes to power

Answer 10

1306- kills comyn in greyfriars church, dumfries
six weeks later crowned at scone (king of summer)
huge defeat, flees to islands, spider story
1307- bruce returns to mainland and edward dies on way north

Question 11

Long March of Independence

Answer 11

process of enforcing rule on scottish nobles before challenging england
1309- brruce recognised as king by france
1310- edward II bring army up but bruce refuses to fight
1312-1314 - bruce strong enough to take english garrisons in scotland and cross border
for most of this time bruce is excommunicated

Question 12

bannockburn

Answer 12

edward II brings up biggest army since 1296 to releive stirling castle
2 day battle- english defeat
does not end war but changes nature- no longer about territory, now securing peace and rights

Question 13

Bruce after bannockburn

Answer 13

ireland 1315-1318, death of edward bruce
318- capture of berwick
1320- conspiracy by edward balliol supporters
1320- declaration of arbroath
1326- scottish alliance with france in corbeil
1328- treaty of perpetual peace
1329- pope gives scots coronation rights

Question 14

Edward II

Answer 14

not viewed as a good king
reliance/favouritism of Pierce Gaveston - death 1312
after bannockburn earl of lancaster effectively rules
civil war allows edward to take back control
reliance on the dispensers
1326 - coup by isabella and Roger Mortimer
1327- removed from throne, horrible death

Question 15

the Church

Answer 15

fears of english overpowering within church caused siding with rebels
bruce had considerable church backing from bishops of glasgow and st andrews
bruce absolved of comyn murder
attempt to prove to pope that scotland was a seperate entity to england
thus chronicles and histories and declaration of arbroath

Question 16

2nd war of independence

Answer 16

treaty of perpetual peace only last 5 years (1333)
edward balliol attempts invasion, pushed out, returns with edward III
David II minority incredibly close to collapse, but begins to recover as of 1335
begin to push south, take edinburgh, roxburgh etc
1346 - Battle of St Neville’s cross- David II captured and held for 11 years
1356- edward balliol dies
1357 david II released
fighting becomes confined to borders (war continues but seen as end point of this part)

Question 17

David II in captivity

Answer 17

Edward III saw power behind David, got himself and sons named as scottish heirs
negotiations always rejected when they reached scottish parliament
continual claims of overlordship

Question 18

Primary Sources

Answer 18

Treaty of Brigham- marriage between margaret and edward
Walter of Guisborough - william wallace - english perspective
Report on State of Scotland 1307- scottish but english supporter
Declaration of Arbroath - convincing Pope
Lanercost chronicle - after bruce - english perspective of war
Scalachronica - 1360s - english
barbour -The Bruce - later - nationalistic

Question 19

Secondary Sources

Answer 19

Brown- Bruce left scotland in a precarious position upon death by failing to deal completely with scottish nobles and english monarchy
McNamee- Social factors likeplague and srop failures took away englands advantages