Religion

Question 1

the church before the 11th century

Answer 1

traditional canon law, disputes settled by church councils
usually convened under the protection of a ruler
councils were primarily bishops, abbots and scholars
published findings, providing lots of regional variation
beyond italy local churches governed themselves, used papacy to appeal against indecision

Question 2

Gregorian reform

Answer 2

associated with pope Gregory VII, though predecessor Leo actually started them
german emperors tried to impose reformed Benedictines on to papacy by force
main concern were clerical celibacy and simony (buying office)

Question 3

celibacy

Answer 3

aspirational though thought it was better to marry than to burn
many local priests, especially rural, had normal family life, harder the higher up you went
celibacy and poverty generally practiced by those who werent involved in ministry eg monks

Question 4

Gregorys reforms

Answer 4

reforms spread gradually across christendom
first laternal council 1123- forbade priests to marry
1139- people told theyd be excommunicated for attending mass by a married priest
culminated in 4th laternal council 1215- led to education of higher clergy members, link between religion and education
beginning of papal monarchy

Question 5

beginnings of monasticism

Answer 5

in early middle ages, no set of rules for monks, abbots may have collected rules
rule advocated to Benedict comes in force during carolingian era as general guidelines
900- english kings sponsor benedictine rule
though dont appear to go more north than northumbria

Question 6

Cluniac reform

Answer 6

founded 910 burgundy
establishes order, all houses are federated to organisation regardless of location
arrives in england 11th C., Scotland 12th C.
strong supported of gregorian reform
permission to ignore local archbishop, answerable only to pope - tension

Question 7

Cistercian Order

Answer 7

founded by former cluny 1098
aimed to restore practices of benedictine rule in manual labour and seclusion form worldly affairs
extremely popular
David I Melrose 1142
monks prayed and worshiped whilst laymen did most of manual work
not allowed to take episcopal office, but changed later

Question 8

Augustinian Canons

Answer 8

earliest of reformed order to reach scotland
chapter house at st andrews
canons deal with pastoral care
flexible as so frequently adopted by existing houses

Question 9

Thomas Becket

Answer 9

only when given enough power to be able to stand up to Henry II did he actually do so
murder/martyrdom in 1170 caused henry a lot of problems
had to go and get penance at his tomb, now a pilgrimage site
using power of church to state up to royal power

Question 10

Davidian Revolution

Answer 10

Huge increase in reformed orders
french and english bishops increasingly in scotland
were these changes because of david or the inlfux of french into scotland ?
papal bull 1198? - pope becomes archbishop of scotland , no longer submitting to england

Question 11

the papal church

Answer 11

churches become nationally focused - attempt to protect nation from interference from continent
church can be viewed as monarchy (pope) and parliaments (councils)
university degrees essential to move up, forces scots out of scotland
mother churches founding children churches
rise of templars - abolishment 14th C.
crusades

Question 12

Religion in wars of independence

Answer 12

governors of scotland - 2 of 6 were bishops
bruce excommunicated for killing comyn - forgiven by bishop
bruce has backing of bishops of st andrews and glasgow
priests argue than scots killing english is like going on crusade
1320- declaration of arbroath - presents scottish case
1328- pope gives coronation rights to scots
chronicles like bower written later

Question 13

papal authority in scotland

Answer 13

papal legates - often intermediaries
scotland placed under interdict- no marriage or death rights - forced ALex II to negotiate with england
legates also sorted out marriages frequently
most of pope information on scotland came from england, therefore seen as english vassal
had power to allow kings to tax church
domination of scottish bishops in scottish church in 13th C.

Question 14

impact of economic growth on religious life

Answer 14

renewed emphasis on evangelical poverty and apostolic life
beginning of new middle class- problem for church as too much luxury
discrimination in charity - choosing where to put money
showing off about being charitable
bequeathing houses to be small hospitals

Question 15

Purgatory

Answer 15

new intermediate place between heaven and hell in 12th C.
torture identical to hell but temporary
therefore masses of people trying to correct their wrongs for shortest time in purgatory
allowed church to guarantee heaven for the faithful

Question 16

church endowment

Answer 16

directing charity straight for ecclesiastical institutions
giving money to church so monks/nuns could pray for family
stained glass windows , coat of arms in church to publicize charity
chantry- sidesection of church just for family, perpetual chantrys often and still found in europe until 18th C.
wealthiest could build chantry in church for priest to actually go and pray in
scotland- creation of whole new collegiate churches, often spent a lot of time praying for founder (roslin)

Question 17

‘Herrecy’

Answer 17

Lollards - founded by john Wycliffe, oxford 1372ish
believed secular authorities should maintain control of all lands and church shouldnt have properties
opposed wealth of church
emphasis on bible instead of church teachings
pray to god, not the saints
henry V tried to enforce laws made against them
John Badly burned at stake 1410

Question 18

The Great Schism

Answer 18

transfer of papal court to Avignon to please french king
subsequent popes seen to be held in exile by french
although not labelled like that, Avignon clearly designed at permanent home
college of cardinal created in order to break with diplomacy
1377 return to rome with Gregory 11th
dies 1378- start of schism
Urban VI elected - italian
Clement VII elected- french
scotland sided with avignon, england sided with rome
french armies invade italy twice

Question 19

End of Great Schism

Answer 19

1394- paris uni says both have to abdicate
1409- council of pisa- 3rd pope elected Alexander V
1414- council of constance - whole power of churhc assembled - everyone deposed and Martin V elected as sole pope

Question 20

cities as religious centres

Answer 20

sermons best way for preachers to spread word to people
used funny examples to show point/moral
franciscans/dominicans specialised in preaching
government paid for famous preacher to come and talk
sermons written down to give preacher handbook
fasciculus morum - preached 7 capital sins, popular in britain
scotland now had 2 archbishoprics in st andrews and glasgow

Question 21

Primary Sources

Answer 21

Almost all sources are written by religious figures so their bias and viewpoint must be allowed for
Often lives of kings- Aelred on David
Papal bull 1218 - scottish church now a separate entity
Charter on foundation of Selkirk by David - kings investing in reform
Constitutions of Clarendon - henry 2 trying to limit power of church
Declaration of Arbroath - appeal to pope from scots
Examination of Lollards - what to do with heretics
Canterbury tales - satirical of clergy but based on truth