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Y4 - Equine > The Stallion > Flashcards

The Stallion Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stallion?

A
  • Entire male over 4 years old (<4 = colt)
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2
Q

When does puberty occur in stallions?

A
  • Puberty = 12-24months
  • Maximal sexual maturity reached at 4-5y/o + retained until 20y/o
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3
Q

How long does it take semen to be produced in a stallion?

A
  • 60 days
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4
Q

What influences semen quality?

A
  • Testicular size - larger the testes = more sperm
  • Testicular efficiency - greater percentage of sperm producing testicle = more sperm
  • Age - younger stallions produce less semen
  • Season - long day breeders
  • Frequency of ejaculations
  • General health/injury
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5
Q

How many mares can a stallion mate?

A
  • Suggested 15 matings a week or two mares a day
  • Some busy stallions = 6 mares a day
  • 80-90 mares in a season
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6
Q

When examining a stallion for breeding soundness what should be checked?

A
  • Physical exam of external genitalia
  • Exam of internal genitalia
  • Observation of libido and mating ability
  • Semen evaluation
  • Testicular biopsy
  • Testicular ultrasonography
  • Urethral endoscopy
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7
Q

What would you swab for contagious equine metritis?
What is the agent of CEM?

A
  • Urethra
  • Urethral fossa
  • Penile sheath
  • Pre ejaculatory fluid
  • Taylorella equigenitalis
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8
Q

What does the artervac vaccine protect against?

A
  • Equine viral arteritis
  • Causes abortion
  • Notifiable in stallions
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9
Q

Why is injury / disease causing orchitis important in stallions?

A
  • Career-threatening injury = life threatening
  • Any penile injury / disease = career threatening
  • Any systemic illness causing pyrexia = effect sperm production
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10
Q

How would you treat injury / disease to reduce swelling + limit inflammation + heat?

A
  • Anti-inflammatory (Nsaids and perhaps corticosteroids)
  • Cold therapy
    *Massage
    *Support
    *Diuretics?
    *Topical treatments
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11
Q

How is priapism treated? (constant erection)

A
  • Surgically corrected by flushing corpus cavernosum with heparinised saline under GA
  • Penile amp not an option in working stallion
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12
Q

With colic in stallions what should be checked?

A
  • Take care when rectalling = higher risk of tears
  • Check =
  • inguinal herniation
  • Scrotal hernias
  • testicular torsion
    as source of colic
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13
Q

How does dermatitis affect a stallion?

A
  • Scrotal / penile dermatitis may cause sufficient inflammation to affect mating / sperm production
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14
Q

What are career threatening neoplasias of horse penises / testicles?

A
  • Sarcoids
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Melanoma
  • Seminoma and other testicular tumours
  • Papillomas
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15
Q

What are other diseases of stallions?

A
  • Haemospermia
  • Urospermia
  • Testicular degeneration
  • Hydrocele/varicele
  • Orthopaedic disease
  • Psycological dysfunction
  • Cushing’s
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16
Q

What are advantages of artificial insemination?

A
  • Semen can be transported – spreading genetic material
  • Semen can be stored – even after a stallions death
  • Ejaculates can be divided into smaller doses – more matings
  • A.I. reduces risk of venereal disease
  • A.I. reduces post mating endometritis
  • Semen can be examined readily
17
Q

What are disadvantages of artificial insemination?

A
  • Specialist skills needed to collect, process and inseminate semen
  • Conception rates may not equal natural service
  • Expensive
  • Labour intensive
  • Venereal infection still possible
  • Not acceptable for Thoroughbred authorities
18
Q

How is semen collected for AI?

A
  • Dummy mare, artificial vagina, mare in season + skilled handlers
19
Q

What are extenders?

A
  • Increase lifespan of sperm - may contain antibiotics
  • Often milk or egg based products
20
Q

What are frozen straws warmed up to?
Where is the semen deposited?

A
  • Warmed to 37oC
  • Inseminated through cervix or into horn on side of ovulation (deep uterine insemination)
21
Q

When would you inseminate?

A
  • Fresh + chilled = same as natural = up to 48hours before ovulation
  • Frozen semen = close to ovulation as possible = up to 12hours before / 6hours after ovulation

= frequent scans = x3-4daily

22
Q
A

Y4 - Equine (46 decks)

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