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Y4 - Equine > Common Ocular Conditions in Horses > Flashcards

Common Ocular Conditions in Horses Flashcards

1
Q

What should be done with eyelid lacerations?

A
  • Surgical repair
    (lower + lateral = best)
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2
Q

What are masses of eyelids? Tx?

A
  • Melanoma
  • SCC of third eyelid
  • Lymphoma
  • Tx = removal / reconstructive surgeries
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3
Q

What are clinical signs of ulcerative keratitis / corneal ulcers?

A
  • Pain
  • Blepharospasm
  • Epiphora
  • Photophobia
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4
Q

What is treatment of corneal ulcers?

A
  • Fluorescein + flush with saline to assess damage
  • Superficial ulcers = heal w no complications = topical antimicrobial +/- topical atropine (no scar)
  • Deeper ulcer = same for non-complicated, but longer time + scarring
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5
Q

What is keratomalacia? What should be done?

A
  • Keratomalacia = melting ulcer
  • Activation +/or production of proteolytic enzymes by =
    -corneal epithelial cells
    -Leucocytes
    -Microbial organisms (Pseudomonas)
  • Tx = early + aggressive =
    -topical Serum
    -topical EDTA
    -topical acetylcysteine
    -topical tetracycline / doxycycline
    -systemic NSAIDs (flunixin)
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6
Q

What is a descemetocele? What should be done?

A
  • Ulcer extending all the way to the decemet’s membrane = fluorescein neagtive
  • Tx = aggressive therapy, may need surgical tx
    -conjunctival flap
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7
Q

What can occur with full thickness corneal laceration?

A
  • Iris prolapse
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8
Q

What should be done with stromal abscesses?

A
  • Medical therapy = AB
  • Surgery = debridement / corneal grafting techniques
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9
Q

What causes viral keratitis? Tx?

A
  • EHV 2
  • Tx = topical idoxuridie, trifluorothymidine, aciclovir, interferon gamma, cortiosteroid
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10
Q

What is treatment of fungal keratitis?

A
  • Slow to resolve
  • Surgery = keratectomy +/- conjunctival flap
  • Topical miconazole/itraconazole, amphoctericin B, VORICONAZOLE
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11
Q

What is seen with immune mediated keratopathies?
Treatment?

A
  • Usually unilateral
  • Slight ocular discomfort
  • Vary from Irregular corneal surface to deep bullae formation, vascularisation + oedema
  • Tx = medical = topical steroid, cyclosporine A / doxycycline
    -Surgical = keratectomy, cyclosporine A implant
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12
Q

What is uveitis? What can it lead to?

A
  • Inflammation of uvea (iris, ciliary body + choroid)
  • Can lead to blindness if untreated
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13
Q

What can uveitis be secondary to?

A
  • Eye ulcer
  • Rhodococcus
  • Immune mediated
  • Leptospira spp
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14
Q

What are clinical signs of anterior uveitis?

A
  • Pain - blepharospasm + epiphora
  • Chemosis - red eye
  • Constricted pupil
  • Aqueous flare = milky appearance of anterior chamber
  • Blood (hyphaema), pus (hypopyon), or fibrin in anterior chamber
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15
Q

What are clinical signs of posterior uveitis?

A
  • Subtle
  • Variable pain - often mild
  • Vitritis
  • Retinal changes
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16
Q

What is treatment of uveitis?

A
  • Topical corticosteroid (if no ulcer)
  • Topical NSAID (if ulcer)
  • Topical AB
  • Topical atropine (c/4h until pupil dilates)
  • Systemic NSAID = Flunixin
  • Surgery =
    -suprachoroidal cyclosporine A implant
    -Pars plana vitrectomy
    -Enucleation
17
Q

What are long term complications of Uveitis?

A
  • Atrophy granula iridica
  • Synechiae
  • Cataracts
  • Glaucoma
  • Retinal pathology
  • Blindness
  • Phthisis bulbi
18
Q

What can cause cataracts?

A
  • Acquired / secondary cataracts =
    -uveitis
    -trauma
    -tumour
  • Developmental opacities, including congenital cataracts
19
Q

How would you examine the lens in horses?

A
  • Retroillumination - light reflected from tapetum w focal light source at arm’s length (opacities appear dark)
  • Direct focal illumination (transillumination) = direct beam light at 45o angle into lens (cataracts = white)
20
Q

What are different types of cataracts?

A
  • Capsular cataract
  • Nuclear cataract
  • Perinuclear (lamelar) cataract
  • Equatorial cataract
  • Sutural cataract
  • Complete cataract
21
Q

How are cataracts treated?

A
  • Most do not require treatment - or treat primary cause if secondary
  • Surgery in young foals (<4m/o) - phacoemulsification
22
Q

What is normal intraocular pressure?

23
Q

What are signs of glaucoma?

A
  • Hydrophthalmos / buphthalmos
  • Corneal oedema
  • Corneal striae
  • Lens luxation
  • Blindness
24
Q

How is Glaucoma diagnosed?

A
  • Signs
  • Tonometry
  • Ultrasound
25
Q

What is treatment of glaucoma?

A
  • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
  • Beta-blockers - timolol
  • Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs +/or steroids)
  • NOT prostaglandin derivatives in horses
  • Surgical =
    -laser destruction of ciliary body
    -aqueous shunts
    -enucleation
  • Chemical ciliary body destruction
26
Q

On histology what colour are different layers of the eye?

A

– Neurosensory retina = cling film
– Retinal Pigmented Epithelium = black
– Tapetum = blue, green, amber…
– Choroid = red
– Sclera = white

Y4 - Equine (46 decks)

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