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Bsc Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics > The Spine - Structure and Function > Flashcards

The Spine - Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

state 3/7 functions of the spine

A
  1. stability of the thorax
  2. movement in all directions
  3. supports the head, shoulders and rib cage
  4. protects the spinal cord
  5. force transference
  6. shock absorber
  7. attachment point for muscles and ligaments
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2
Q

state the 5 spinal sections, and how many vertebrae are in each

A
  1. cervicle - 7 vertebrae
  2. thoracic - 12 vertebrae
  3. lumbar - 5 vertebrae
  4. sarcal - 5 fused vertebrae
  5. coccygeal - 3-5 fused vertebrae
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3
Q

state the 4 spinal curves

A
  1. 2 x primary thoracic and sarco-coccygeal curves - kyphosis
  2. 2 x secondary cervicle and lumbar curves - lordosis
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4
Q

what type of curvature are the primary spinal curves

A

kyphosis

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5
Q

what type of curvature are the secondary spinal curves

A

lordosis

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6
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - scoliosis

A

scoliosis is a condition of lateral curvature of the spinal column

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7
Q

the vertebrae differ in what 3 ways ?

A
  1. size
  2. shape
  3. facet orientation
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8
Q

The vertebrae differ in size, shape and facet orientation. What is the effect of this ?

A

the function of the spinal column differs throughout the length of the spinal column

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9
Q

what vertebrae are the smallest and lightest ?

A

the cervicle vertebrae and the smallest and lightest vertebrae

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10
Q

how are cervicle vertebrae distinguished ? (3 characteristics)

A
  1. oval body
  2. short spinous process
  3. large foramen
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11
Q

what do all cervicle vertebrae contain, and what is the effect of this ?

A

each transverse process contains a transverse foramen for blood vessels travelling up to the brain/head

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12
Q

how is the atlas (C1) characterised ? (2 points)

A
  1. no spinous process

2. no body

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13
Q

what is the main function of the atlas (C1) ?

A

functions to help keep the head in place

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14
Q

how is the axis (C2) characterised ? (3 things)

A

has a body, spine and vertebral arches like no other vertebrae

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15
Q

what is unique two the axis (C2) ?

A

has a dens - a process projecting superiorly from the spinous body

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16
Q

what do the thoracic vertebrae articulate with ?

A

the thoracic vertebrae all articulate with the ribs - the costovertebral joints

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17
Q

how are thoracic vertebrae characterised ? (4 things)

A
  1. heart shaped body
  2. circular foremen
  3. transverse processes
  4. long spinous processes
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18
Q

talk about articular facets within the thoracic spine

A

articular facets limit flexion/extension movements, but allow for rotation

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19
Q

how are lumbar vertebrae characterised ? (3 things)

A
  1. short thick pedicles and laminae
  2. flat spinous processes
  3. triangular shaped foremen
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20
Q

talk about articular facets in the lumbar spine

A

articular facets lock to provide stability

21
Q

what do the sacral vertebrae do ?

A

sarcal vertebrae articulate with the innominate to form the pelvic girdle

22
Q

state 3 facts about ‘the bottom line’ of the spinal column’s function

A
  1. vertebrae consist of vertebral bodies which bear weight
  2. vertebral arches (laminae and pedicles) protect the spinal chord
  3. processes extending from the arch, which provide attachment and leverage for muscles
23
Q

state the names of the 2 joint types within the spinal column

A
  1. vertebral body articulations (amphiarthrosis, symphysis)

2. vertebral facet articulations (non-axial, diarthrodial)

24
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - vertebral body articulations

A

bodies of the vertebrae are united by a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc

25
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - vertebral faces articulations

A

non-axial, diarthrodial joints between the articular facets of the vertebral arch

26
Q

what joint type are vertebral body articulations ?

A

amphiarthrosis, symphysis

27
Q

what joint type are vertebral facet articulations ?

A

non-axial, diarthrodial

28
Q

what is movement determined by in vertebral facet articulations ?

A

movement is largely determined by the directions that the articular facets face

29
Q

intervertebral discs vary in thickness depending on what parameters ?

A

intervertebral discs vary in thickness depending on location and are relative to the size of the vertebral body

30
Q

what proportion of the length of the spinal column is made up of the intervertebral discs

A

approximately 1/4

31
Q

what two components make up the intervertebral discs ?

A
  1. annulus fibrosis - outer fibrous ring

2. nucleus pulposus - inner ball of firmly compressed elastic material

32
Q

what 3 things do intervertebral discs allow for ?

A
  1. compression
  2. rotation
  3. stock absorption
33
Q

what proportion of the intervertebral discs are made up of water ?

A

approx. 80-90% of the intervertebral discs are made up of water

34
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - disc protrusion

A

disc protrusion is a type of disc herniation characterised by protrusion of a disc beyond the normal confinements of the intervertebral disc

35
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - spondylolisthesis

A

spondylolisthesis is a condition involving spinal instability, which means the vertebral discs moves more than they should

36
Q

state the names of the 6 vertebral column ligaments

A
  1. ligamentum flavum
  2. interspinous ligament
  3. supraspinous ligament
  4. inter-transverse ligament
  5. anterior longitudinal ligament
  6. posterior longitudinal ligamant
37
Q

what is the location/what does the following connect - ligamentum flavum

A

connects the lamina from the axis to the sacrum

38
Q

what is the location/what does the following connect - interspinous ligament

A

connects the spinous processes

39
Q

what is the location/what does the following connect - supraspinous ligament

A

connects the apices of the spinous processes

40
Q

what is the location/what does the following connect - inter-transverse ligament

A

connects the transverse processes

41
Q

what is the location/what does the following connect - anterior longitudinal ligament

A

connects the vertebral bodies

42
Q

what is the location/what does the following connect - posterior longitudinal ligament

A

connects the vertebral bodies

43
Q

what is the function of the - ligamentum flavum

A

limits flexion

44
Q

what is the function of the - interspinous ligament

A

limits flexion

45
Q

what is the function of the - supraspinous ligament

A

limits flexion

46
Q

what is the function of the - inter-transverse ligament

A

limite lateral flexion

47
Q

what is the function of the - anterior longitudinal ligament (2)

A
  1. limits extension

2. reinforces the anterior portion of the annulus fibrosis

48
Q

what is the function of the - posterior longitudinal ligament

A

limits flexion

Bsc Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics (31 decks)

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