Structure and Function of the Hip Complex and Hip (week 4)

Question 1

what is the pelvic girdle made up of

Answer 1

Made of two innominates (ilium, ischium, and pubic) as well as the sacrum

Question 2

state the differences in male and female pelvic girdles

Answer 2

1. male - higher iliac crest, narrower

2. female - girdle is wider + shorter, pubic arch is broader in angle

Question 3

the pelvic girdle is made up of 3 joints. state the names, and types, of these 3 joints

Answer 3

1. pubic symphysis (amphiarthrosis, symphyses)

2. sacroiliac joints x 2 (diarthrosis, gliding joint)

Question 4

the pelvic girdle forms a fixed ring which performs 2 main functions. state what these 2 functions are

Answer 4

1. connects the trunk to the lower extremities (axial to appendicular)
2. force transfer for bipedal movements

Question 5

what are the obturator and the acetabulum

Answer 5

the obturator is the hole in the pelvic girdle and the acetabulum is the socket where the femoral head sits into

Question 6

anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial views of the hip…

Answer 6

1. anterior = pubis side
2. posterior = ischium side
3. lateral = outside –> in
4. medial = inside –> out

Question 7

state the names of the 3 movements possible at the pelvic girdle

Answer 7

1. anterior/posterior pelvic tilt (anterior = bum up, penis down. posterior = bum down, penis up)
2. left/right lateral tilt (left = left down, right = right down)
3. left/right rotation (left = rotate left, right = rotate right)

Question 8

pelvic girdle, associated hip movement - when both legs are together (2 things)

Answer 8

1. as the hip flexes, the pelvis tilts posteriorly in the sagittal plane
2. as the hip extends, the pelvis tilts anteriorly in the sagittal plane

Question 9

pelvic girdle, associated hip movement - lower limb opposition (2 things) - eg) walking

Answer 9

1. pelvis rotates in the transverse plane

2. as right leg swings forward, the pelvis rotates to the left to allow the right leg to clear the ground

Question 10

pelvic girdle, associated hip movement - movement of one limb (2 things) - eg) abduction of the right hip

Answer 10

1. pelvis tilts laterally in the frontal plane

2. upward movement of the non-weight bearing leg and downward movement of the weight bearing leg

Question 11

state 3 general facts about the hip joint

Answer 11

1. ball + socket joint - articulation between the femoral heal and the acetabulum of the innominate
2. stable joint - acetabulum forms a deep cup and there is a good bony fit
3. large loads - force transfer from the axial to the appendicular skeleton goes through the hip

Question 12

state what it is meant by the key term - osteoarthritis

Answer 12

the breakdown of the articular cartilage and bone in a joint, associated with wear, tear and chronic overload

Question 13

state 2 consequences of osteoarthritis

Answer 13

1. joint space narrowing and bone spurs

2. pain and stiffness

Question 14

state 3 general facts about hip stability

Answer 14

1. bony fit provides good stability, which is enhanced by the labrum that deepens the cup of the acetabulum
2. strong ligaments help further stabilise the joint
3. muscles are less important for stability than at the shoulder

Question 15

state what it is meant by the key term - labrum

Answer 15

the labrum is a flat rim of fibrocartilage attached by it’s circumference to the margin of the acetabulum

Question 16

state the function of the labrum

Answer 16

the labrum functions to deepen the acetabulum cup - can be injured in sport

Question 17

state what it is meant by the key term - fibrocartilage

Answer 17

fibrocartilage is tough, very strong tissue similar to other fibrous tissue but contains cartilage ground substance and chondrocytes

Question 18

clinical case study - labral tears (3 points)

Answer 18

1. 22% of athletes that complain about groin pain have a labral tear
2. usually occurs in sports with a large amount of hip flexion
3. but almost 75% of tears have no known direct cause

Question 19

clinical case study - hip impingement (3 points)

Answer 19

1. femoroacetabular impingement
2. CAM - femoral head not spherical
3. Pincer - extra bone on the acetabular rim

Question 20

state the names of the 5 key hip ligaments for stability

Answer 20

1. transverse acetabular ligament
2. ligamentum teres/teres femoris
3. iliofemoral ligament
4. pubofemoral ligament
5. ischiofemoral ligament

Question 21

state the location, and function, of the transverse acetabular ligament

Answer 21

1. flat band of fibres continuous with the labrum bridging the acetabular notch completing the acetabular ring
2. prevents inferior displacement

Question 22

what is the location, and function, of the ligamentum teres ?

Answer 22

connects the head of the femur to the acetabulum helping to reinforce the joint from within

Question 23

state 2 facts about the iliofemoral ligament

Answer 23

1. anterior and blended with the joint capsule

2. supports the hip in standing, and resists: extension, internal + external rotation

Question 24

state 2 facts about the pubofemoral ligament

Answer 24

1. medial anterior + lower part of the capsule

2. resists abduction, extension + external rotation

Question 25

stat where is the ischiofemoral ligament located, and what is its function ?

Answer 25

1. posterior capsule

2. resists adduction and Internal rotation

Question 26

movement at the hip are similar to that of the shoulder, except…

Answer 26

movements at the hip have less mobility due to the enhanced stability of the hip

Question 27

state the names of the 4 anterior hip muscles

Answer 27

1. illiopsoas
2. pectineus
3. rectus femoris
4. sartorius

Question 28

state the names of the 5 posterior hip muscles

Answer 28

1. bicep femoris
2. semi-membanosus
3. semi-tendinosus
4. gluteus maximus
5. 6 deep external rotators

Question 29

state the names of the 4 medial hip muscles

Answer 29

1. adductor longus
2. adductor Magnus
3. adductor brevis
4. gracilis

Question 30

state the names of the 3 lateral hip muscles

Answer 30

1. gluteus medius
2. gluteus minimus
3. teres fascia latae

Question 31

state the names of the 6 deep external hip rotators

Answer 31

1. Obturator externus
2. Obturator internus
3. Gemellus superior
4. Gemellus inferior
5. Quadratus femoris
6. Piriformis

Question 32

what is the pes ansurinus (1), and what is it’s function (2)

Answer 32

1. The conjoined tendon of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus
2. Helps to stabilise the medial knee

Question 33

state what joint type the sacroiliac joint is

Answer 33

diarthrosis, gliding

Question 34

state what joint types the pubic symphysis are

Answer 34

amphiarthrosis, symphysis

Question 35

what are the symptoms of a labral tear ?

Answer 35

pain, clicking and giving way

Question 36

state 2 ways of fixing a labral tear

Answer 36

1. conservative rehabilitation

2. arthroscopic surgery