The Spine - Movements Possible and Muscles Involved Flashcards
state what it is meant by the key term - spinal flexion
spinal flexion is the forward bending in the sagittal plane
explain how spinal flexion is able to occur
compression of the anterior disc and gliding if the facet joints
where does spinal flexion occur most freely ?
spinal flexion occurs most freely in the cervicle, upper thoracic and lumbar regions
state what it is meant by the key term - spinal extension
spinal extension refers to the return of the spinal column from a flexed position - backwards and downwards movement in the sagittal plane
where does spinal extension occur most freely ?
cervicle and lumbar regions
where is spinal extension limited, and why ?
spinal extension is limited in the thoracic region due to facet joint articulations and the ribs
state what it is meant by the key term - spinal lateral flexion
spinal lateral flexion is the sidewards bending in the frontal plane
talk about lateral flexion mobility in the spine (2 points)
- most free in cervicle region
2. quite free in lumbar region
where is spinal lateral flexion less mobile, and why ?
less lateral flexion can occur in the thoracic spine due to the ribs
state what it is meant by the key term - spinal rotation
spinal rotation refers to left or right movement in the transverse plane
where is spinal rotation most free, fairly free and lease free ?
- most free in the cervicle region
- more free in upper than lower thoracic regions
- least free in the lumbar region
state what it is meant by the key term - spinal circumduction
spinal circumduction refers to the circular movement of the trunk combining flexion, extension, lateral flexion but NOT rotation
state the following for the - external abdominal obliques
A) the bilateral activation effect(s)
B) the unilateral activation effect(s)
C) the other effect(s) - if applicable
A) posterior pelvic tilt, thoracic and lumbar flexion against resistance/gravity
B) side flexion, rotation
state 2 general facts about the internal abdominal obliques
- lie deep to the external abdominal obliques
2. most active during rotation
state the following for the - internal abdominal obliques
A) the bilateral activation effect(s)
B) the unilateral activation effect(s)
C) the other effect(s) - if applicable
A) thoracic and lumbar flexion against gravity/resistance
B) lateral flexion, rotation
1) which muscle is the most superficial of the abdominal muscles ?
2) which muscle is the deepest of the abdominal muscles ?
- rectus abdominos
2. transverse abdominis
state the following for the - rectus abdominis
A) the bilateral activation effect(s)
B) the unilateral activation effect(s)
C) the other effect(s) - if applicable
A) thoracic and lumbar flexion against resistance/gravity; increases posterior pelvic tilt
B) lateral flexion
state 3 functions of the transverse abdominis
- stabilises the trunk
- strong muscle in exhalation and expulsion
- acts like a girdle to flatten the abdominal wall and compress the abdominal viscera
what is there a lot of research into with the transverse abdominis ? (3 points)
- highly researched in lower back pain
2. limited evidence to support the use of specific training
state the following for the - Splenius Capitis and Cervicis
A) the bilateral activation effect(s)
B) the unilateral activation effect(s)
C) the other effect(s) - if applicable
A) neck extension
B) laterally flex and rotate the cervicle spine
C) support the head in upright standing
the erector spinae is divided into 3 branches, what are they ?
- iliocostalis (lumborum, thoracis, cervicis)
- longissimus (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)
- spinalis (thoracis, cervicis)
state the following for the - erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis)
A) the bilateral activation effect(s)
B) the unilateral activation effect(s)
C) the other effect(s) - if applicable
A) spinal extension against gravity/resistance
B) lateral flexion and rotation
state 2 general facts about the semispinalis
- thoracis, cervicis and capitis
2. lies between the erector spinae and the deep posterior spinal muscles
state the following for the - semispinalis
A) the bilateral activation effect(s)
B) the unilateral activation effect(s)
C) the other effect(s) - if applicable
A) extend cervicle and thoracic spine
B) lateral flexion and rotation
state the names of the 5 deep spinal extensor muscles
- multifidus
- rotatores (longus and brevis)
- interspinalis
- intertransversus
- levator costae (longus and brevis)
state the following for the - 5 deep spinal extensor muscles
A) the bilateral activation effect(s)
B) the unilateral activation effect(s)
C) the other effect(s) - if applicable
A) spinal extension
B) lateral flexion and rotation
C) act as a group to stabilise the spine
state the following for the - scalenus (anterior, medial and posterior)
A) the bilateral activation effect(s)
B) the unilateral activation effect(s)
C) the other effect(s) - if applicable
A) flexion of cervicle spine
B) lateral flexion and rotation of the cervicle spine
C) elevate the upper ribs during forced expiration
state the following for the - sternocleidomastoid (sternal and clavicular heads)
A) the bilateral activation effect(s)
B) the unilateral activation effect(s)
C) the other effect(s) - if applicable
A) flex head and neck
B) lateral flexion (same side), rotation (opposite side)
state 2 general facts about the levator scapulae
- also a muscle of the shoulder girdle
2. if the scapula is fixed, it causes lateral flexion of the cervicle spine
state the following for the - quadratus lumborum
A) the bilateral activation effect(s)
B) the unilateral activation effect(s)
C) the other effect(s) - if applicable
A) stabilise pelvis and lumbar spine
B) lumbar lateral flexion
state the following for the - psoas major
A) the bilateral activation effect(s)
B) the unilateral activation effect(s)
C) the other effect(s) - if applicable
A) lumbar flexion
B) lumbar lateral flexion
C) stabilisation of the lumbar spine
