The Motor Unit - Neurological Consideration for Movement (week 7) Flashcards

1
Q

muscles are responsible for…

A

muscles are responsible for producing force and absorbing energy during locomotion

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2
Q

state 3 introductory facts about the neuromuscular basic for human movement

A
  1. MVMT = combined effort of several muscles under the control of the CNS
  2. CNS distributes signals to appropriate motor nerves with specific timing and in the appropriate number
  3. to accomplish this, the CNS needs constant feedback from a variety of sensory receptors
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3
Q

state the anatomical differences between the CNS PNS

A
  1. CNS - brain + spinal chord

2. PNS - cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves (31 pairs)

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4
Q

what’s the main function of cranial nerves (12 pairs)

A

mostly used in relation to human senses. do not relate to the control of movement

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5
Q

state how many pairs of nerves are located at each section of the vertebrae

A
  1. cervicle - 8 pairs
  2. thoracic - 12 pairs
  3. lumbar - 5 pairs
  4. sarcal - 5 pairs
  5. coccygeal - 1 pair
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6
Q

state the function of the cervicle nerves

A

control head, neck, and upper extremities

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7
Q

state the function of the thoracic nerves

A

control the upper extremities + trunk

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8
Q

state the function of the lumbar nerves

A

control the lower extremities + pelvis

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9
Q

state the function of the sarcal nerves

A

control the lower extremities + pelvis

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10
Q

state the function of the coccygeal nerves

A

control the coccyx

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11
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - nerve

A

a nerve is a bundle of fibres within a connective tissue sheath

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12
Q

state 2 facts about nerves

A
  1. nerves may consist of only efferent or afferent neurones

2. however, a typical spinal nerve contains both in the same sheath

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13
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - neurone

A

a neurone is a single nerve cell

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14
Q

state the 3 types, and functions, of neurones

A
  1. motor neurones = efferent, signals exit spinal chord (ventral/front)
  2. sensory neurones = afferent, signals enter the spinal chord (dorsal/back)
  3. interneurones = only within the CNS, can elicit excitatory and inhibitory responses in other neurones
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15
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - alpha motor neurones

A

responsible for initiating the muscle contractions by innervating extrafusal muscle fibres

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16
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - gamma motor neurones

A

innervate intrafusal muscle fibres of the muscle receptors (muscle spindles)

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17
Q

state the names of the two types of motor neurones

A
  1. alpha motor neurones

2. gamma motor neurones

18
Q

state the 6 main structures you need to know in motor neurones

A
  1. cell body/soma
  2. dendrites
  3. axon
  4. terminal branches
  5. myelin sheath
  6. nodes of ranvier
19
Q

state 2 facts about the cell body/soma

A
  1. contains the nucleus
  2. usually contained within the grey matter of the spinal chord, or in bundles of cells just outside the spinal body called ganglia
20
Q

state 2 facts about dendrites

A
  1. projections of the cell body

2. receive signals from other neurones

21
Q

state 3 facts about axons

A
  1. the nerve fibre
  2. exits spinal chord via ventral (front) root where it’s bundled together with axons from other cells
  3. axons of motor neurones are large
22
Q

state 2 facts about terminal branches

A
  1. un-myelinated branches at the end of motor neurones known as the motor end planes
  2. form neuromuscular junction with muscle fibres
23
Q

state 2 facts about myelin sheaths

A
  1. axon is insulated to aid with transmission of the signals
  2. Schwann cells form the myelin sheaths in sections around the axon
24
Q

state 2 facts about the nodes of ranvier

A
  1. the gaps between the Schwann cells

2. AP jumps between nodes via a process called saltatory conduction

25
Q

state 3 facts about neuromuscular synapses

A
  1. uni-directional
  2. influenced by use and disuse
  3. all or nothing principle
  4. may be thousands of synapses at the end of a neurone
  5. no physical union between cells
26
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - motor unit

A

a motor unit is the motor neurone plus all the muscle fibres it innervates

27
Q

how many muscle fibres can there be within a motor unit, and what is the effect of this?

A
  1. between 10 and 2000 muscle fibres per motor neurone

2. the ratio directly determines the precision of the movement of the muscle

28
Q

muscle fibres innervated by an axon…

A

muscle fibres innervated by an axon are not necessarily in the same fascicle, they are spread across the belly of the muscle

29
Q

state the metabolism, size, contraction time, conduction velocity, and examples of… type 1 MU’s

A
  1. oxidative
  2. small
  3. > 70 ms
  4. 80 m/s
  5. endurance activities
30
Q

state the metabolism, size, contraction time, conduction velocity, and examples of… type 2a MU’s

A
  1. oxidative
  2. medium
  3. 30-50 ms
  4. 80-100 m/s
  5. sustained power required
31
Q

state the metabolism, size, contraction time, conduction velocity, and examples of… type 2x MU’s

A
  1. glycolytic
  2. large
  3. 30-40 ms
  4. 100 m/s
  5. explosive power required
32
Q

state the 4 steps to the experiment to how they determined what determines motor unit type

A
  1. isolated a type 1 and type 2b motor unit from a cat
  2. cut axons in half on each motor neurone sand swapped them over to the other muscle fibre
  3. came back in a couple weeks and saw muscle fibres had adapted to the new motor neurone
  4. proves motor neurone determines MU type
33
Q

state the 2 ways you can increase the force of a muscle contraction

A
  1. increase the number of MU’s recruited
  2. increase the frequency of stimulation (frequency/rate coding)

generally happens in that order

34
Q

state 2 things fibre type influences

A
  1. the contraction force and velocity

2. time to develop force

35
Q

order of MU recruitment (3 points)

A
  1. MU recruitment starts with smallest MU as has lowest threshold
  2. followed progressively by larger MU’s if more force is required
  3. principle reversed with release of tension (first on = last off)
36
Q

state 3 facts about the frequency of MU stimulation

A
  1. if frequency low, muscle fibres can partially relax
  2. at higher frequency stimulation, there is no relaxation - max contraction
  3. combination of max MU’s and high frequency stimulation = max strength
37
Q

state the 2 types of electromyography

A
  1. indwelling EMG

2. surface EMG

38
Q

what is EMG used for

A

EMG can be used to measure muscle activation

39
Q

state the 3 principles that EMG sticks to:

A
  1. brain sends signals via motor neurones
  2. motor neurones innervate their associated muscle fibres
  3. the AP in the muscle fibres initiates excitation-contraction coupling
40
Q

state the 3 determinants of EMG signal size

A
  1. the number of MU’s activated
  2. MU AP firing rate
  3. types of MU’s activated
41
Q

state 2 uses of EMG

A
  1. can tell you when a muscle is turned on and off

2. can tell you if a muscle is active or passive during a movement

42
Q

state 1 thing you can’t use EMG for

A

can’t tell you muscle force (force is determined by activation, fibre length and conduction velocity)