Elbow, Wrist and Hand - Structure and Function Flashcards
what is the overall function of the upper limb ?
ultimately, to effectively manipulate the environment around us = the placement of our hands
the elbow joint is made up of 3 joints within the joint capsule, what are they ?
- humeroradial joint (restricted ball and socket)
- humeroulnar joint (hinge)
- proximal radioulnar joint (pivot)
state what it is meant by the key term - humeroulnar joint
articulation between the semilunar notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humorous
what limits humeroulnar joint movement ?
the coronoid (anterior) and olecranon (posterior) of the ulna limit movement
state 2 general facts about the humeroulnar joint
- primary joint at which elbow flexion and extension occurs
- the medial epicondyle is where the ulnar nerve runs = funny bone
what type of joint is the humeroulnar joint ?
a hinge joint
what type of joint is the humeroradial joint ?
a restricted ball and socket joint - but functionally limited one plane hinge like movement of the humeroulnar joint
state what it is meant by the key term - humeroradial joint
articulation between the capitulum of the humorous and the radial head
what is movement of the humeroradial joint restricted by ?
the annular ligament
what type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint
a pivot joint - one of two joints at which forearm pronation and supination occurs
state what it is meant by the key term - humeroulnar joint
articulation between the radial head with the radial notch/fossa on the ulna
how is the radial head held in place in the humeroulnar joint ?
the radial head is held in place by the annular ligament which allows for rotation
state the names of the 4 elbow flexor muscles
- biceps brachia
- brachialis
- radiobrachialis
- pronator teres
state the names of the 2 elbow pronators
- pronator teres
2. pronator quadratus
state the names of the 2 elbow extensors
- triceps brachii
2. anconeus
state the names of the 2 elbow supinators
- supinator
2. biceps brachii
state 3 introductory facts about the wrist and hand
- highly mobile due to a large number of joints
- produces both fine and gross movements
- injury can have dramatic effects on the quality of life
state 3 facts about the distal radioulnar joint
- pivot joint
- radius > ulna at the wrist
- allows radius to rotate around ulna during pronation and supination of the forearm
state 2 facts about the radiocarpal joint
- condyloid joint formed by the distal head of the radius and the proximal row of the carpal bones
- allows for flexion, extension, radial and ulnar deviation
state the names from ulnar to radial side of the proximal carpal bones
- pisiform
- triquetrum
- lunate
- scaphoid
state the names from ulnar to radial side of the distal carpal bones
- humate
- capitate
- trapezoid
- trapezium
what joint type are the midcarpal and inter-carpal joints
all diarthrodial joints which allow small gliding movements
state what it is meant by the key term - midcarpal and inter-carpal joints
articulation between the proximal and distal rows of the carpal bones and between the individual carpals
what is the most common carpal injury, and why ?
scaphoid fracture is common when putting the hand out during falling
what joint type are the carpometacarpal joints (2 joints)
- 4 phalanxes are modified saddle joints
2. thumb is a true saddle joint
what is movement in the fingers restricted to ?
movement in the fingers is restricted due to ligaments
what movements are allowed in the thumb’s carpometacarpal joint (6)
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
- opposition
what joint type are the metacarpi-phalangeal joints ?
condyloid joints
state what it is meant by the key term - metacarpi-phalangeal joint
articulation between the metacarpal and the proximal phalanx
what movements are able at the metacarpo-phalangeal joints ?
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
what joint type are the inter-phalangeal joints (IP) ?
hinge joints
state what it is meant by the key term - interphalangeal joints
articulation between the phalanxes of any fingers (fingers = 2; thumb = 1)
where do the wrist flexor muscles originate from ?
medial epicondyle of the humorous = common flexor origin
where do the wrist extensor muscles originate from ?
lateral epicondyle of the humorous = common extensor origin
state the names of the 5 wrist flexor muscles
- pronator teres
- flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU)
- flexor carpi radialis (FCR)
- flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)
- palmaris longus (assists; not always present)
state the names of the 4 wrist extensor muscles
- extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU)
- extensor carpi radialis (ECR)
- extensor digitorum (ED)
- extensor digiti minimi
define tennis elbow
lateral epicondylitis = inflammation of the common extensor origin
state what it is meant by the key term - radial deviation
extensor carpi radialis longus working in conjunction with the flexor carpi radials
state what it is meant by the key term - ulnar deviation
flexor carpi ulnaris working in conduction with the extensor carpi ulnaris
what is needed for radial and ulnar deviation ?
paired flexors and extensors must work together to produce radial or ulnar deviation
