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sensory and motor neuroscience > the somatosensory system: pain and thermal sensation > Flashcards

the somatosensory system: pain and thermal sensation Flashcards

1
Q

how many forms can pain be classed as

A

3

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2
Q

what are the three forms of pain

A

nociceptive
inflammatory
pathological

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3
Q

how can nociceptive pain be described

A

acute - pin prick

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4
Q

how can inflammatory pain be described

A

prolonged pain - sunburn

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5
Q

how can pathological pain be described

A

damage to nerves or nervous system (no external stimulus)

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6
Q

pain sensation in the skin is ____ localised
and can be described as what

A

well localised
pricking, stabbing or burning

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7
Q

pain sensation in the muscle is _____ localised
and can be described as what

A

poorly localised
aching, soreness/tenderness, cramping, stabbing, burning

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8
Q

pain in the viscera is _____localised
and can be described as what

A

poorly localised (often referred to an area of skin)
dullness, fullness, nausea

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9
Q

nociceptive pain begins with the activation of what receptors

A

nociceptors

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10
Q

what type of neurons are nociceptors

A

specific peripheral primary sensory afferent neurons

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11
Q

nociceptors are specific peripheral primary sensory afferent neurons normally activated by _______

A

intense stimuli such as thermal, mechanical, chemical (noxious or damaging)

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12
Q

cell bodies of nociceptors are located where

A

dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia

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13
Q

what order of neurons are nociceptors

A

1st order neurons

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14
Q

nociceptors are first order neurons that relay info to _____ order neurons

A

second order neurons

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15
Q

nociceptors are first order neurons that relay info to second order neurons where and by what type of transmission

A

in the CNS and by chemical synaptic transmission

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16
Q

what kind of pain is adaptive

A

nociceptive pain

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17
Q

as nociceptive pain is adaptive, what does it serve as

A

an early warning system to detect and minimise contact with damaging stimuli

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18
Q

what pain is hight threshold

A

nociceptive

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19
Q

as nociceptive pain is high threshold, what does this entail

A

provoked only by intense stimuli that activate nociceptive

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20
Q

give 2 properties of nociceptive pain

A

adaptive
high threshold

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21
Q

nociceptive pain has the ability to _________ most other ongoing activites of the nervous system

A

override

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22
Q

what type of pain initiates a withdrawal reflex

A

nociceptive pain

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23
Q

what pain is said to be adaptive AND protective

A

inflammatory

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24
Q

why is inflammatory pain said to be adaptive and protective

A

caused by activation of the immune system in injury, or infection

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25
Q

inflammatory pain is caused by what system

A

immune system

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26
Q

what pain causes pain hypersensitivity

A

inflammatory pain

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27
Q

what pain is associated with allodynia (innocuous stimuli now elicit pain)

A

inflammatory pain

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28
Q

what are the 2 ways that inflammatory pain assists in healing of a damaged body part

A

discourages physical contact (wound)
discourages movement (inflamed joint)

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29
Q

what pain is said to be maladaptive with no protective function

A

pathological pain

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30
Q

what is pathological pain a result from

A

abnormal nervous system

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31
Q

how can pathological pain (route of) be described

A

neuropathic or dysfunctional

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32
Q

what happens in the absence of pain

A

gross damage to the body

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33
Q

what is the rare condition that doesn’t allow an individual to feel pain

A

congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP)

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34
Q

what is the mutation that causes CIP

A

loss of function (missense) in gene SCN9A

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35
Q

in CIP, the loss of function (missense) in the gene SCN9A encodes what kind of voltage channel

A

Na+ (Nav1.7)

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36
Q

a stimulus to nociceptors opens what type of channel

A

cation selective channel ion channel

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37
Q

stimulus (mechanical, thermal, or chemical) opens cation selective ion channel where

A

nerve terminal

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38
Q

stimulus (mechanical, thermal, or chemical) opens cation selective ion channels in nerve terminal to elicit what

A

a depolarising receptor potential

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39
Q

low threshold units respond to what

A

low intensity stimuli

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40
Q

low threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMs) mediate what (3)

A

touch, vibration, pressure

41
Q

low threshold thermoreceptros mediate what (5)

A

cold, cool, indifferent, warm, and hot

42
Q

give an example of high threshold units

A

nociceptors

43
Q

high threshold units respond to what

A

high, but now low, intensity stimuli
(noxious, potentially damaging)

44
Q

high threshold mechanoreceptors (mechanical nociceptors) respond to what

A

high mechanical stimuli

45
Q

thermal nociceptors respond to what

A

extreme degrees of heat
>45C
<10-15C

46
Q

chemical nociceptors respond to what

A

substances in tissue (as found in inflammation)
e.g. prostaglandins, bradykinin, serotonin, histamine

47
Q

what do polymodal nociceptors respond to

A

at least 2 forms of painful stimuli

48
Q

in primary sensory afferents what is the decreasing value in this value
Aalpa -> Abeta -> Adelta -> C

A

decreasing diameter
conduction velocity

49
Q

Adelta and C fibres are what kind of nociceptors

A

mechanical/thermal

50
Q

Adelta fibres are mechanical/thermal nociceptors that are _____ myelinated

A

thinly

51
Q

A delta fibres mediate what kind of pain

A

first/fast

52
Q

give a reason why C fibres have the lowest conductance rate

A

unmyelinated

53
Q

C fibres respond to all noxious stimuli so they are said to be….

A

polymodal

54
Q

C fibres mediate what kind of pain

A

second or slow

55
Q

what is frequency coding

A

the rate of an action potential discharge correlates with the intensity of the applied stimulus

56
Q

signalling by nociceptors can be described as what (direction)

A

bidirectional

57
Q

in the nociceptor, what does the central terminal do

A

no responsive to environmental stimuli
site of Ca2+ dependant transmitter release (glutamate , neuropeptides)
targeted by endogenous molecules that regulate activity

58
Q

in the nociceptor, what does the soma allow

A

major site of protein synthesis - these are delivered to both the central and peripheral terminal

59
Q

in the nociceptor, what does the peripheral terminal do

A

responds to environmental stimuli
site of release of molecules that influence local tissue environment

60
Q

what is a subset of C fibres

A

peptidergic polymodal nociceptors

61
Q

peptidergic polymodal nociceptors (a subset of C fibres) have what 2 functions

A

afferent and efferent functions

62
Q

peptidergic polymodal nociceptors (a subset of C fibres) have afferent and efferent functions
explain the afferent function

A

transmit nociceptive info to the CNS
via
release of glutamate and peptides
with the dorsal horn

63
Q

peptidergic polymodal nociceptors (a subset of C fibres) have afferent and efferent functions
explain the efferent function

A

release pro inflammatory mediators
from peripheral terminals
contributes to neurogenic inflammation

64
Q

what is SP

A

a peptide

65
Q

what does SP (a type of peptide) cause in neurogenic inflammation

A

vasodilation and extravasation of plasma proteins
release of histamine from mast cells
sensitisation of surrounding nociceptors

66
Q

what is CGRP

A

a peptide

67
Q

what does CGRP induce

A

vasodilation

68
Q

(neurogenic inflammation)
once CGRP induces vasodilation what ensues

A

hyperalgesia and allodynia ensue

69
Q

neurotransmission in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
what receptors are exhibited in the synaptic cleft during the movement of glutamate, Na, and Ca

A

NMDA and AMPA

70
Q

what does visecral pain originate from

A

nociceptors covering tissues

71
Q

visceral pain is perceived at a distance from the ….

A

affected organ

72
Q

how many neurons are there in the somatic sensory pathway

A

3
first order, second, third

73
Q

when you feel pressure, or a vibration, when do does the first neuron decussate to the contralateral side

A

brain stem

74
Q

what 3 structures make up the brain stem

A

medulla, pons, and mid brain

75
Q

what rout in the spine occurs when activation of the somatic pathway by touch/vibration

A

dorsal column

76
Q

when there is pain, what pathway do the neurons take

A

spinothalamic

77
Q

when there is a painful stimulus, where do they neruons decussate

A

close to the point of entry on the spinal cord

78
Q

where do the second and third order neurons synapse

A

thalamus

79
Q

where does the third order neuron synapse

A

point of the brain where the pain is perceived - somatopically mapped

80
Q

what 3 tracts make up the anterolateral system

A

spinothalamic
spinoreticular
spinomesencephalic

81
Q

what is the main tract in the anterolateral system for transmitting pain to the cerebral cortex

A

spinothalamic

82
Q

pain begins where through noxious stimuli (extreme heat etc…)

A

nociceptors

83
Q

when nociceptors are activated they send a signal through the sinal cord and then to the brain through what system

A

anterolateral

84
Q

what tract is responsible for the emotional compinent of pain

A

spinoreticular

85
Q

where does the spinoreticular tract originate

A

reticular formation

86
Q

where foes the spinomesencephalic tract synapse

A

periaqueductal grey

87
Q

when the periaqueductal grey is stimulated they can activate a natural what

A

pain suppression system

88
Q

when they periaqueductal grey is stimulated they can activate a natural pain suppression system through release of what

A

endogenous opioids
-> inhibition of pain signal

89
Q

where is the periaqueductal grey located

A

in the midbrain of the brainstem

90
Q

what is analgesia

A

pain reduction

91
Q

what receptors in the PAG rich in

A

opioid receptors

92
Q

once PAG is activated what structure do they activate in the medulla

A

raphe nuclei

93
Q

the raphe nuclei is responsible for producing what nurotransmitter

A

serotonin

94
Q

where does the serotonin go after it is produced from the raphe nuclei

A

dorsal horn of the spinal cord

95
Q

what occurs once the raphe nuceli send the serotonin to the ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

inhibits the neurons responsible for transmitting pain signals

96
Q

GATE CONTROL THEORY
what neuron is responsible for inhibiting the inhibitory interneuron

A

a branch off the first order cell body

97
Q

what is responsible for being able to inhibit the neuron that inhibits the inhibitory interneuron to stop it from inhibiting the pain signal

A

mechanoreceptor Abeta
“closes the gate+

98
Q

where does the gate theory occur
think about agate to an ice cream shop

A

substantia gelatinosa

sensory and motor neuroscience (10 decks)

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