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sensory and motor neuroscience > GS olfactory > Flashcards

GS olfactory Flashcards

1
Q

list advantages of olfaction

A

locate and track prey
long distance warning beyond line of sight in the dark
sexual attraction
hedonic reward system

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2
Q

VISCERAL RESPONSE
what does smelling food cause

A

salivation and gastric motility

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3
Q

what causes salivation and gastric motility

A

smelling food

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4
Q

what does a noxious smell cause

A

gag

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5
Q

what smell causes you to gag

A

noxious

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6
Q

infants recognise mothers by what

A

scent

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7
Q

mothers can recognise the _____ of her baby

A

scent

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8
Q

women housed together synchronise what

A

menstrual cycles

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9
Q

the neuroepithelium contains what kind of neurons and what two types of cells

A

olfactory sensory neurons (OSN)
sustentacular cells
stem cells (basal cells)

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10
Q

OSN’s are generated from what cells

A

basal cells

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11
Q

where do ORN axons make new connections to

A

the olfactory bulb
(sits above cribriform plate

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12
Q

wiring of the olfactory system involves what kind of cells

A

mitral cells
and two populations of interneurons

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13
Q

wiring of the olfactory system involves mitral cells and what two populations of interneurons

A

periglomerular cells and granule cells

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14
Q

apical dendrites of sensory neurons project through what cavity and what type of cells

A

support cells and nasal cavity

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15
Q

apical dendrites are capped by what
and what do they project through (cavity)

A

capped by dendritic cilia projecting into specialised mucus in the nasal cavity

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16
Q

the cilia have receptor sites for what molecules

A

odorant molecules

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17
Q

odorant molecules are structures for what

A

olfactory signal transduction

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18
Q

life span of olfactory sensory neurons

A

short lived (1-2) months

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19
Q

what do olfactory sensory neurons regenerate from

A

basal stem cells

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20
Q

what is the function of the cribriform plate

A

separates the nose from the brain

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21
Q

what structure separates the nose from the brain

A

cribifrom plate

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22
Q

OSN pass through what structure with holes to enter the brain

A

cribiform plate

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23
Q

what neurons pass through the cribiform plate through tiny holes to enter the brain

A

OSN

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24
Q

what kind of receptors are odorant receptors

A

GPCR’s

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25
Q

mammalian odour receptors are related to what other receptors

A

chemosensory receptors

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26
Q

what receptors are odorant receptors

A

T1R, TR2

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27
Q

what receptors are taste receptors

A

VR3

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28
Q

what kind of receptors are vomeronsal receptors

A

DOR, DGR

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29
Q

odors are detected by receptors and transduced into an electrical signal. This results into the generation of what

A

generation of an action potential

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30
Q

the action potentials travel down axons of what
this action potential eventually meets with other axons and ends up forming what nerve

A

olfactory receptors
olfactory nerve (CN1)

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31
Q

OR’s are GPCR’s which activate what via which G protein

A
  1. adenyl cyclase type III
  2. via G protein -> G(olf)
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32
Q

Camp opens what

A

cyclic-nucleotide gated cation channel
(Ca and Na influx)

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33
Q

once cAMP opens a non selective, cyclic nucleotide gated cation channel what does it do to the ciliary membrane

A

depolarises the ciliary membrane

34
Q

a Ca2+ influx through the CNG channels opens what

A

Ca2+ activated chloride channels

35
Q

Cl- leaves the ORN ____________ its concentration gradient

A

against

36
Q

once Cl_ leaves the ORN against its concentration gradient, what does this do

A

further depolarises the cell and provides amplification

37
Q

action potential generation in Olfactory receptor neurons within the olfactory signal transduction releases what

A

glutamate

38
Q

Neuronal Cl_ channels normally mediate what kind of receptors

A

inhibitory

39
Q

OSN’s maintain an unusually (high/low) intracellular Cl- concentration due to what kind of membrane pump

A
  1. high
  2. NKCC1
40
Q

OSN maintains what its own Cl- battery in case of what

A

if the Na+ gradient in the mucus is insufficient to support a threshold current

41
Q

OSN maintains what its own Cl- battery in case the Na+ gradient in the mucus is insufficient to support a threshold current and uses it to do what

A

boost the response

42
Q

odour molecules activate many what proteins

A

G proteins

43
Q

one AC activates many what

A

cAMP molecules

44
Q

adaptation via Ca and other proteins allows for what

A

sensitivity and extends the range of concentration of odour stimulation

45
Q

each sensory neuron responds to a what
or what

A

single odorant
or a specific repertoire chemically related odorant

46
Q

an odour is __________ by a specific combination of responding neurons

A

encoded

47
Q

sensory neurons respond to odorant by what
which does what to the neuron

A
  1. inward current
  2. depolarises the neuron
48
Q

there is a relationship between odorant concentration and size/duration of the inward current, sufficient depolarisation triggers what

A

an action potential

49
Q

what is the structure of a glomerulus

A

spherical structures containing incoming axons of the OSN

50
Q

what is the first processing station in the brain

A

glomerulus

51
Q

what kind of action does a periglomerular cell have

A

inhibitory

52
Q

what does a periglomerular cell do

A

connects one glomerulus to another

53
Q

what kind of action does a granule cell have

A

inhibitory

54
Q

what does a granule cell do

A

connect sone mitral cell to another

55
Q

where is the granule cell

A

in granule cell layer

56
Q

mitral cells receive odour information from where

A

receptor/sensory neurons

57
Q

what do mitral cells do with odour information

A

refine the signal and amplify it

58
Q

where do mitral cells receive input from when they refine the signal and amplify it
what do they then do with the message

A

via inputs from PG and GR
then they relay the message

59
Q

when mitral cells are activated impulses flow from the olfactory bulbs through the lateral olfactory bulbs to where

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
amygdala

60
Q

when mitral cell are activated impulses flow from the olfactory bulbs and then eventually to theto the thalamus
where does the impulse go after this

A

pirform lobe of the olfactory cortex and part of the frontal lobe

61
Q

where are smells consciously interpreted and identified

A

frontal lobe

62
Q

smells that are associated with danger trigger what response

A

sympathetic fight or flight

63
Q

why is olfaction strongly tied to memory

A

because it skips the thalamus and the main olfactory bulb is directly connected to the amygdala

64
Q

what is involved in the formation of memories and emotionalexperiences

A

amygdala

65
Q

how many receptors are expressed by a single sensory neuron

A

1

66
Q

cells expressing the same receptor converge on how many glomeruli

A

1 or few

67
Q

each mitral cells innervates a single glomerulus via what

A

apical dendrites

68
Q

cells for detecting an odour are dispersed where

A

in the epithelium of the glomerulus

69
Q

expression of single OR genes requires the presense of what

A

a functional OR

70
Q

paternal and maternal alleles of the same OR occupy what

A

different areas in the glomerulus

71
Q

targeted KO’s pf golf and CNGA2 cause what

A

severe anosmia

72
Q

OR-derived glomerular cAMP signals are not required for what

A

OSN projection

73
Q

OR govern both the coarse and refined map via what

A

cAMP levels and electrical activity/ca influx respectively

74
Q

expression of kir2.1 (a K channel) in compound genetic mice lacking dox inhibits what

A

neural activity in the OE

75
Q

what ion channel is kir2,1

A

potassium

76
Q

expression of kir during development (in utero and post natal) shows what

A

mistargeting/lack of glomerulus targeting

77
Q

what is specific anosmia

A

the inability to smell one specific compound, amid otherwise normal smell perception

78
Q

each mitral cell innervates a single what

A

glomerulus

79
Q

different chemical domains are recognised by what

A

OR

80
Q

multiple ORs have the ability to recognise the ____ domains

A

same

81
Q

a particluar OR expressing neuron projects to what

A

a specific glomerulus

sensory and motor neuroscience (10 decks)

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