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sensory and motor neuroscience > physiology of light > Flashcards

physiology of light Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pupil

A

opening where light enters the eye

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2
Q

what is the sclera

A

white of the eye

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3
Q

what is the iris

A

gives colour to the eye

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4
Q

what is the cornea

A

glassy transparent external surface to the eye

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5
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

bundle of axons from the retina

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6
Q

when the eye collects light where does it focus to

A

the retina

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7
Q

what is a unique feature about how the eye perceives images

A

it is inverted

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8
Q

ERROS OF REFRACTION
what is emmetropic

A

normal eye

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9
Q

ERRORS OF REFRACTION
what is presbyopia

A

as you get older the lens harden and the cilia muscles weakens, causing a decreased ability in accomodation

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10
Q

what is hyperopia

A

far saightedness

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11
Q

what is myopia

A

near sightedness

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12
Q

in addition to the cornea and the lens, the pupil contributes to the optical functioning of the

A

eye

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13
Q

PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX
the pupils continuously adjust to what

A

different light levels

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14
Q

PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX
the pupils can be described as consensual
what does this mean

A

both pupils react similarly and simultaneously

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15
Q

PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX
circular (constrictor) muscles act to _____ pupil size

A

decrease

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16
Q

PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX
circular (constrictor) muscles act to decrease pupil size under what control

A

parasympathetic

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17
Q

PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX
radial (dilator) muscles act to _____ pupil size

A

increase

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18
Q

PUPILLAR LIGHT REFLEX
radial (dilator) muscles act to increase pupil size under what control

A

sympathetic

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19
Q

what is the visual field

A

amount of space viewed by the retia when the eye is fixated straight ahead

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20
Q

what is visual acuity

A

ability to distinguish two nearby points

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21
Q

what is visual acuity determined by

A

largely by photoreceptor spacing and refractive power

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22
Q

what cells are involved in the pathway for signal transmission and what order to they transmit in

A

photoreceptors -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cell s

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23
Q

what do horizontal cells receive input from
and what do they project to

A

photoreceptors
photoreceptors and bipolar cells

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24
Q

what do amacrine cells receive input from
and what do they project to

A

bipolar cells
project to ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and other amacrine cells

25
Q

what cranial nerve is the optic nerve

A

CNII

26
Q

what is transduction the converting of

A

converts electromagnetic radiation to neural signals

27
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptors

A

cones and rods

28
Q

what are the 4 main regions of a photoreceptor

A

outer segment
inner segment
cell body
synaptic terminal

29
Q

light converts 11-cis retinal to what

A

all-trans retinal

30
Q

what enzyme converts all trans retinal back to 11-cis retinal

A

isomerase

31
Q

what is rhodopsin made of

A

opsin and 11 cis retinal

32
Q

MOLECULAR PATHWAY OF LIGHT
What happens when all trans retinal activates transducin

A

decrease in cGMP

33
Q

MOLECULAR PATHWAY OF LIGHT
what happens when there is decreased cGMP

A

closure of cGMP gated Na+ channels

34
Q

MOLECULAR PATHWAY OF LIGHT

A
35
Q

MOLECULAR PATHWAY OF LIGHT
what happens whem there is the closure of cGMP-gated Na+ channel

A

lowered entry of Na+ results i hyperpolarisation

36
Q

the dark current opens in what light setting

A

in the dark

37
Q

the dark current channels closes in response to what

A

light

38
Q

the dark current channel is permeable to what ion

A

Na+

39
Q

the dark current channels keeps the Vm of photoreceptors what charge

A

positive

40
Q

what facilitates high acuity

A

distribution of rods and cones

41
Q

what light setting are rods good for seeing in

A

dim light

42
Q

what light setting are cones good for seeing in

A

normal daylight

43
Q

in the ON/OFF pathways, when is glutamate inhibited

A

in the on pathway

44
Q

what are the only cells in the eye that can produce action potentials

A

ganglion cells (some amacrine)

45
Q

RETINAL PROCESSING
lateral inhibition is by what cell

A

horizontal cells

46
Q

CENTER-SURROUND ORGANISATION IN THE RETINA
horizontal cells interconnect a group of ‘surround’ neurons. It samples the total amount of excitation in that surround and responds by releasing what

A

GABA

47
Q

CENTRE-SURROUND ORGANISATION IN THE RETINA
If there is low surround, then there is ____ GABA released

A

less

48
Q

what are the two types of ganglion cells

A

M-type
P-type

49
Q

what are the differences between the M type and P type ganglion cells

A

M type: large receptive fields, transient activation
P type: smaller receptive fields, sustained activity, colour sensitive

50
Q

what does LGN stand for

A

lateral geniculate nuceli

51
Q

what are the two types of LGN

A

magnocellular LGN
parvocellular LGN

52
Q

INPUTS TO THE STRIATE CORTEX
magnocellular LGN neurons project to what layer

A

Layer IVCalpha

53
Q

INPUTS TO THE STRIATE CORTEX
Parvocellular LGN neurons project to what layer

A

IVCbeta

54
Q

INPUTS TO THE STRIATE CORTEX
Koniocellular LGN axons project to what layer
what layer do they bypass

A

by pass layer IV to make synapses in layers II and III

55
Q

in the striate cortex, most neurons in layer III are what

A

binocular

56
Q

vision for perception
the ventral pathway projects to where in the brain

A

projects to occipitotemporal ass cortex

57
Q

vision for action
the dorsal pathway project where in the brain

A

project to parietao occipital ass cortex

58
Q

what is Hebb’s postulate

A

neurons know that they are around others of the same eye

sensory and motor neuroscience (10 decks)

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