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sensory and motor neuroscience > NNN > Flashcards

NNN Flashcards

1
Q

an entry of + ions results in what charge change

A

positive (depolarisation or excitation)

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2
Q

an exit of + or entry of - ions results in what charge

A

negative (hyperpolarisation or inhibition)

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3
Q

a drug that is an agonist of a Na channel does what

A

opens the channel, causing cell excitation

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4
Q

a Na antagonist does what to the channel

A

closes channel, stops ion flow and favours inhibition

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5
Q

a drug that is an agonist of a K channel does what

A

opens the K channel and causes K flow out of the cells, makes cell more negative (inhibitory)

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6
Q

a K channel antagonist does what to the channel

A

closes the K channel, retains the K in the cell and favours positive rmp and is therefore excitatory

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7
Q

depolarisation at the synapse causes what ions to enter the cell

A

Ca

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8
Q

calcium entry triggers what

A

exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents

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9
Q

neurotransmitter binding initiates a response where

A

in the post synaptc cell

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10
Q

neurotransmitters can be returned to axon terminals for what

A

reuse or transported into glial cells

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11
Q

enzymes (inactivate/activate) neurotransmitters

A

inactivate

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12
Q

neurotransmitters can diffuse out of what

A

the synaptic cleft

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13
Q

what are glutamate transporters required for

A

high rates of information transmission at excitatory synapses in the CNS

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14
Q

how many modes of action are there in the “post synaptic action”

A

2

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15
Q

what are the 2 modes of action

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

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16
Q

direct gating is by what mode of action

A

ionotropic receptors

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17
Q

indirect gating is by what mode of action

A

metabotropic receptors

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18
Q

gabe has what structure

A

pentamer

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19
Q

glycine has what structure

A

pentamer

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20
Q

nicotinic ach has what structure

A

pentamer

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21
Q

glutamate receptor has what structure

A

tertameric

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22
Q

glutamate is the major ______ neurotransmitter but may also have inhibitory effects via what kind of receptors

A

excitatory
metabotropic glutamate receptors

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23
Q

ionotropic glutamate receptors ____ gate ion channels

A

directly

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24
Q

NMDA receptor controls a channel permeable to what ions

A

Na, Ca2+, and K+

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25
Q

Kainate and AMPA channels are permeable to what ions

A

Na, and K+

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26
Q

ampa and kainate mediate ____ excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS

A

fast

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27
Q

nmda contributes to a ____ component to the excitatory synaptic potential

A

slow

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28
Q

ketamine influences the nmda receptor how

A

blocks

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29
Q

metabotropic glutamate receptors dont have what

A

intergral ion channel

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30
Q

how do metabotropic glutamate receptors exert their effects

A

second messenger cascade

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31
Q

GABA is the main what in the CNS

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

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32
Q

GABA acts on how many receptors

A

2

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33
Q

ionotropic GABAa receptors operates what ion chanel

A

Cl-

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34
Q

GABAb is what kind of receptor

A

metabotropic

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35
Q

GABAb metabotropic receptor ofetn activates what ion channel

A

K+

36
Q

what do benzodiazepines do to GABA

A

positive allosteric modulators - enhance Cl entry

37
Q

how does baclofen influence the funtion of GABAb receptors

A

agonist, enhances the K current (increases inhibition)

38
Q

glycine is what kind of neurotransmitter

A

inhibitory

39
Q

where does glycine exret its effects

A

glycine ionotropic receptor

40
Q

what ions are involved in glycine ionotropic receptors what what other neurons does it impact

A

Cl-
inhibits antagonstic muscles motorneurons

41
Q

hoq quick is ionotropic gating of ion channels

A

rapid

42
Q

why cant (most of the time) metabotropic receptors trigger an action potential

A

too slow

43
Q

Normally the slow actions of metabotropic receptors are insufficient to trigger an action potential so they have

A

modulatory synaptic actions

44
Q

what do modulatory synaptic actions allow the metabotropic receptors to do

A

acting on channels in the presynaptic terminal to modulate transmitter release

45
Q

metabotropic can influence ion channels how?

A

by being able to open and close them

46
Q

fast EPSP is due to activation of what

A

nicotinic ach receptors

47
Q

what ions do nicotinic ach receptors conduct

A

NA and K

48
Q

slow epsp follows activation of what

A

muscarinic (GPCR) ach receptors

49
Q

IPSP’s are caused by the release of what

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters

50
Q

the strength of a graded potential diminishes over distance due to what

A

current leak and cytoplasmic resistance

51
Q

the amplitude increases in a graded potential as what ion enters

A

Na

52
Q

the higher the amplitude of a graded potential the …

A

the further the spread of the signal

53
Q

if a graded potential does not go beyond the threshold at the trigger zone ….

A

an action potential will not be generated

54
Q

the duration of an action potential depends on what

A

kinetics of activation of the contributing ionic conductances

55
Q

action potential of most neurons aee followed by what

A

a marked afterhyperpolarisation

56
Q

the amplitude of the AHP is usually close to the calculated what

A

Ek

57
Q

glutamate neurotransmission results in what

A

excitation

58
Q

GABA neurotransmission results in what

A

inhibition

59
Q

neurotrasmitters are released in discrete packages called what

A

quanta

60
Q

the number of quanta released varies with what

A

the stimulus

61
Q

what is a stretegy used to increase quantal release

A

extensive innervation

62
Q

what is an example of a mega humongous presynapse

A

calyx of held synapse

63
Q

where is the calyx of held synapse

A

superior olivary complex

64
Q

purkinje cells are inervated by what kind of fibres

A

climbing fibres

65
Q

each parallel fibre contacts multiple what

A

purkinje cells

66
Q

what is spatial summation

A

EPSP and IPSP are spatially distributed but times together

67
Q

what is temporal summation

A

EPSP occur in temporal sequence such that threshold is triggered

68
Q

both LTS and FS cells are interneurons releasing what

A

GABA

69
Q

intercotrical excitatory neurons can evoke responses where

A

in LTS cells

70
Q

FS cells innervate (release GABA where)

A

other FS cells
RS cells
LTS cells

71
Q

LTS cells innervate (release GABA where)

A

FS cells
RS cells
but not on LTS cells

72
Q

RS cells innervate (release glutamate where)

A

LTS cells
RS cells
FS cells

73
Q

FS and LTS are _______ RS cells are not

A

electrically coupled

74
Q

a netwrok of electrical coupled interneurons drives synchronised what

A

inhibition in neocortex

75
Q

ACPD stimulation activates what cells and what does thic cause

A

LTS cells
synchronous IPSP’s in F cells

76
Q

GRanule cells and inferior olivary cells are in conrtol of what neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

77
Q

Purkinje celld are in control of what neurotransmitter

A

GABA

78
Q

each purkinje cell is directly innervated by what

A

a single climbing fibre

79
Q

granule cells axons ascend where

A

molecular layer

80
Q

granule cells ascend to the molecular layer where they

A

bifurcate into parallel fibres

81
Q

climbing fibers regulate relatively low what

A

low discharge of purkinje cells complex spikes

82
Q

sensory systems code for what

A

modality, intensity, location, and duration of external stimuli

83
Q

where does the process of coding start

A

receptors

84
Q

each unique type os sensation is called what

A

sensory modality

85
Q

receptove fields is defined by what

A

a region of sensory space whose stimulation results in a change in discharge of the neuron

86
Q

the most basic mechanism for identifying the nature of sensory input is via what

A

labeled lines

87
Q

a common principle is used for estimating where a stimulus is loacated - what is this celled

A

topographic mapping

sensory and motor neuroscience (10 decks)

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