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sensory and motor neuroscience > the auditory system > Flashcards

the auditory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is a sound

A

repetitive vibrations in air

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2
Q

why can we hear?

A

an object vibrates -> producing changes in air pressure -> the air vibrates and travels in 3 dimensions -> we hear a sound

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3
Q

what is the amplitude of a sound

A

intensity difference in air pressure from the baseline to the peak of a wave (dB)

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4
Q

what is the amplitude of a sound measured in

A

dB - decibels

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5
Q

what is the wavelength of a sound

A

the distance from one peak wave to the next

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6
Q

what is the frequency of a sound

A

number of complete waves or cycles that pass by a given point in space every second

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7
Q

how is the frequency of a sound measured

A

hertz (Hz)

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8
Q

how is loudness/intensity of a sound determined

A

by amplitude

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9
Q

what is the pitch of a sound determined by

A

frequency

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10
Q

what is the timbre of a sound

A

the quality of a sound and is related to the characteristic of the sound wave

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11
Q

If sound if the vibration of air - in the eardrum, what picks up the vibrations primarily

A

malleus, the incus, and the stapes

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12
Q

after a sound vibrates the eardrum and then the malleus, the incus, and the stapes, where does the vibration then spread to

A

cochlea

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13
Q

in the cochlea, what is the vibration of air converted to

A

movement/vibration of fluids in the cochlea

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14
Q

in the cochlea, what is the vibration of sound captured by

A

hair cells

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15
Q

in the cochlea the physical vibration is transduced to what kind of energy

A

neural energy

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16
Q

what CN is the auditory vestibular nerve

A

CN VIII

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17
Q

what are the 3 ossicle bones in the middle ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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18
Q

in the middle ear, the 3 ossicle bones change the acoustic energy into what kind of energy

A

mechanical energy

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19
Q

where are the three ossicle bones located

A

middle ear

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20
Q

what type of energy is created by fluid motion in the inner ear

A

hydrodynamic energy

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21
Q

middle ear bones over come the loss of sound by doing what

A

increasing sound pressure

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22
Q

what is it called when the middle ear bones overcome the loss of sound by increasing sound pressure

A

impendence matching

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23
Q

what 2 structures does the inner ear contain

A

cochlea
labyrinth

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24
Q

in the inner ear, what system is the cochlea part of

A

auditory system

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25
Q

in the inner ear, what system is the labyrinth a part of

A

vestibular system

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26
Q

how many fluid filled cavities does the cochlea contain

A

3

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27
Q

Anatomy of the cochlea
reissner’s membrane separates scala vestibuli from _______
basilar membrane separates scala media from __________
transduction: organ of carti hair cells, basilar membrane to _________

A

reissner’s membrane separates scala vestibuli from scala media
basilar membrane separates scala media from scala tympani
transduction: organ of Corti hair cells, basilar membrane to tectorial membrane

28
Q

what are hair cells otherwise known as

A

sterocilia

29
Q

hair cells K+ current is (inwards/otwards)

A

inwards

30
Q

why is it important to recycle K+ in the endolymph ?

A

K channels, transporters and gap junctions are critical for reconstituting K in the endolymph as mutations in these can result you becoming deaf

31
Q

Hair cell transduction
depending on how a hair cell _____ the hair cell can release neurotransmitters

A

bends

32
Q

Hair cell transduction
after neurotransmitters are released in the hair cells, where are they captured?

A

nerve fibers

33
Q

the basilar membrane is flexible and vibrates in sync with ?

A

fluid motion

34
Q

what characteristics of the basilar membrane determines the distance a particular frequency travels

A

width and flexibility of the basilar membrane

35
Q

the width and flexibility of the basilar membrane determines what

A

the distance a particular frequency will travel

36
Q

basis for tonotopy
different frequencies of sound waves activate hair cells in different

A

locations

37
Q

basis for tonotopy
when hair cells bend most, they?

A

fire most

38
Q

what neurotransmitter is associated with the auditory system

A

Glutamate

39
Q

outer hair cells primarily get what kind of signal

A

efferent

40
Q

inner hair cells primarily get what kind of signal

A

afferent signal

41
Q

outer hair cells primarily get efferent inputs. They control …

A

stiffness, amplify membrane vibration

42
Q

what hair cells can be known as a cochlear amplifier

A

outer hair cells

43
Q

in outer hair cells, what are motor proteins composed of

A

prestin

44
Q

in outer hair cells, motor proteins composed of prestin are capable of what

A

changing the length of the cell

45
Q

outer hair cells respond to sound and respond by a change in length when depolarised/hyperpolarised
what happens when a OHC is depolarised

A

shortened

46
Q

outer hair cells respond to sound and respond by a change in length when depolarised/hyperpolarised
what happens when a OHC is hyperpolarised

A

lengthen

47
Q

auditory fibers of the eight nerve send branches to both ____ and ____ cochlear nucleus

A

dorsal and ventral

48
Q

second order axons ascend contralaterally to innervate cells where

A

in the inferior colliculus

49
Q

neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus provide collateral branches to both ipsi and contralateral _____

A

superior olivary nuclei

50
Q

auditory complex: what vs where
ventral (what/where)?
dorsal (what/where)?

A

ventral - what
dorsal - where

51
Q

what is broca’s area used for

A

understanding language but unable to speak or write

52
Q

what is wernicke’s area used for

A

speaks but cannot understand

53
Q

what are the types of hearing loss

A

conductive
sensorineural

mixed

54
Q

what is conductive hearing loss

A

processes that prevent sound from reaching the cochlea

55
Q

what can cause conductive hearing loss

A

ruptured ear drum
abnormal growth obstructing ear flow

56
Q

what is sensorineural hearing loss

A

processes that damage hair cells, spiral ganglion cells and/or the auditory nerve

57
Q

what causes sensorineural hearing loss

A

noise, otoxic drugs, certain antibiotics
or liver/kidney disorders where you will be prescribed loop diuretics which target the NKCC1 transporter

58
Q

what is mixed hearing loss

A

both conductive and sensorineural

59
Q

what is the most common sensory deficit in the world

A

sensorineural hearing loss

60
Q

is there a cure for age-related hearing loss?

A

no

61
Q

what are some biological strategies for use in the inner hear that help combat hearing loss

A

gene therapy
stem cell therapy
molecular therapy

62
Q

how do cochlear implants worl

A

bypass the nonfunctional or absent hair cells and directly stimulate spiral ganglion neurons

63
Q

who would not be a candidate for a cochlear implant

A

patients who lack spiral ganglion neurons

64
Q

what is tinnitus

A

perception of sound when no external stimulus is present

65
Q

what is an example of someone with tinnitus

A

ringing in the ears

66
Q

what are some things that make tinnitus worse

A

loud noises
alcohol
nicotine
caffeine
high sugar foods
sedatives, antidepressants, aspirin
high blood pressure
stress/fatigue

sensory and motor neuroscience (10 decks)

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