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sensory and motor neuroscience > cortical mechanisms of motor control > Flashcards

cortical mechanisms of motor control Flashcards

1
Q

somatic motor pathways
descending tracks deliver what from the brain the brain to the spinal cord

A

motor instructions

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2
Q

somatic motor pathways (descending)
are divided into what 2 groups

A

pyramidal tracts
indirect pathways (all others)

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3
Q

motor pathways contain how many neurons

A

at least 2

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4
Q

give examples of UMN

A

M1
pyramidal cell

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5
Q

give examples of UMN

A

M1
pyramidal cell

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6
Q

give examples of LMN

A

alpha motor neuron

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7
Q

basic functions of descending tracks
give 2 basic functions of the cortico-and rubrospinal descending track

A
  1. transmission of commands for skilled movements
  2. corrections of motor patterns generated by the spinal cord
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8
Q

basic functions of descending tracks
give 2 basic functions of the reticulospinal descending track

A
  1. activation of spinal motor programs for stepping and other stereotypic movement
  2. control of upright body posture
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9
Q

basic functions of descending tracks
give a basic function of the vestibulospinal descending tract

A

generation of tonic activity in antigravity muscles

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10
Q

layer V neurons from the primary motor coretx give rise to what

A

corticospinal tract

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11
Q

layer _ neurons from the primary motor cortex give rise to the corticospinal tract

A

V

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12
Q

layer V neurpns from the ____ _____ _____ give rise to the corticospinal tract

A

primary motor cortex

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13
Q

where does the pyramidal corticospinal pathway originate

A

in motor cortex

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14
Q

Layer _ pyramidal neurons are the UMNs

A

V

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15
Q

axons belonging to what form the corticospinal tract

A

Layer V

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16
Q

Layer V neurons axon’s form what

A

the corticospinal tract

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17
Q

UMN synapse where with LMNs

A

ventral horn

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18
Q

UMNs synapse in the ventral root with what

A

LMN’s

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19
Q

Where do LMNs (ventral horn motor neurons) exit

A

the spinal cord via the ventral anterior root

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20
Q

what do LMN activate

A

skeletal muscles

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21
Q

how do LMNs regulate fast and fine (skilled) movement

A

voluntarily

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22
Q

what regulates fast and fine movements

A

LMNs

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23
Q

the anterior/ventral corticospinal tract is responsible for the control of what

A

proximal musculature

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24
Q

what area of the brain controls proximal musculature

A

anterior ventral/corticospinal tract

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25
Q

the lateral corticospinal tract is responsible for the control of what

A

distal musculature

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26
Q

what area of the brain is responsible for the control of distal musculature

A

lateral corticospinal tract

27
Q

Pyramids

most of the corticospinal axons decussate to enter what

A

descending lateral corticospinal tract

28
Q

most _______ decussate to enter the descending lateral corticospinal tract

A

most of the corticospinal axons

29
Q

UMNs do not pass through what

A

pyramids

30
Q

what do extrapyramidal motor tracts regulate (3)

A

axial muscles that maintain balance and posture
muscles controlling coarse movements of the proximal portions of limbs
head, neck and eye movement

31
Q

where does the rubrospinal tract originate

A

red nucleus of the mid brain

32
Q

rubrospinal tract
voluntary/unvoluntary
choose one

A

voluntary

33
Q

the rubrospinal tract is an alternative by which voluntary commands can be sent to ___

A

spinal cord

34
Q

Rubrospinal tract
major/minor pathway in animals
major/minor pathway in humans

A

major in animals
minor in humans

35
Q

activation of the rubrospinal tract causes excitation/inhibition of flexor muscles
excitation/inhibition of extensor muscles

A

excitation of flexor muscles
inhibition of extensor muscles

36
Q

medial extrapyramidal pathway
the vestibulospinal tracts originate where

A

vestibular nuclei

37
Q

Medial Extrapyramidal Pathways
the vestibulospinal tracts originate in the vestibular nuclei and are involved in what

A

posture, and in supporting the body against the force of gravity, mainly targeting extensors

38
Q

medial extrapyramidal pathways
the tectospinal tracts originate where

A

superior colliculi

39
Q

medial extrapyramidal pathways
the tectospinal tracts originate in the superior colliculi and mediate whar

A

orienting towards visual targets

40
Q

the reticulospinal tract originates in the what

A

reticular formation

41
Q

medial extrapyramidal pathway
what is the reticular formation

A

a diffuse collection of neurons in the pons and medulla

42
Q

extrapyramidal pathways
what is the reticulospinal tract involved in

A

balance

43
Q

what are the tracts in the medial extrapyramidal pathways

A

vestibulospinal
tectospinal
reticulospinal

44
Q

how many cortical layers are there

A

7

45
Q

electrical stimulation of motor cortical areas elicets what

A

movement of particular body parts

46
Q

of the three motor areas, stimulation of what cortex requires the least amount of electrical current to elicit a movement

A

primary motor cortex

47
Q

stimulation of what other 2 motor areas requires more electrical current to elicit movements

A

premotor cortex and supplementary motor area

48
Q

the primary motor cortex is ___ organised

A

somatotopically

49
Q

neuronal coding in the primary motor cortex
primary motor cortex neurons fire how long before the onset of a movement

A

5-100ms

50
Q

primary motor cortex neurons can encode (4):

A

force of a movement
direction of a movement
extent of a movement
speed of a movement

51
Q

What do M1 neurons encode

A

direction of a movement
force of a movement

52
Q

what is the pre motor cortex involved in

A

motor planning

53
Q

what is the supplementary motor area involved in

A

programming complex sequences of movement and coordinating bilateral movements
and selecting movements based on remembered sequences of movements

54
Q

premotor neurons can signal __

A

an intention to move

55
Q

pre motor cortex is sensitive to what

A

the behavioural context of a particular movement

56
Q

premotor cortex neurons are sensitive to what

A

the intentions behind a movement, not just the movement itself

57
Q

supplementary Motor area (SMA) responds to sequences of movement and to

A

mental rehearsal of movements

58
Q

SMA
when movements are simple, such as making a repetitive movement of a single digit, what areas of the brain are activated (2)

A

contralateral primary motor cortex
primary somatosensory cortex

59
Q

SMA
When a subject is asked to perform a complex sequence of finger movements, the SMA is activated in what way
what other brain regions are activated

A

bilaterally
and contralateral primary motor
somatosensory cortex

60
Q

Reaching and Grasping
reaching and grasping require the transformation of visual information into what

A

a pattern of motor command

61
Q

reaching and grasping require the transformation of visual information into a pattern of motor command, and involves connections between what 3 areas

A

visual, parietal, and premotor areas

62
Q

reaching is mediated by what

A

a dorsal pathway running from the posterior occipital cortex to the mediodorsal parietal cortex , and on to the dorsal premotor cortex

mediated by dorsal pathway
posterior occipital cortex -> mediodorsal parietal cortex -> dorsal premotor cortex

63
Q

grasping is mediated by what

A

a ventral pathway running from the dorsal extrastriate cortex to the AIP (anterior intraparietal area), and on to the ventral premotor cortex

sensory and motor neuroscience (10 decks)

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