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BIO 141 Lecture > The Skeleton System > Flashcards

The Skeleton System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the entire framework of bones and cartilage

A

The skeletal system

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2
Q

a detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, morphology, function, disease, pathology, and the process of ossification of the bones

A

Osteology

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3
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  • support
  • protection
  • assistance in movement
  • mineral homeostasis
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4
Q

Site of attachment for tendon and ligament

A

Support

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5
Q

Encloses the organs of the cranial and thoracic cavities

A

Protection

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6
Q

Allows for a range of movement over certain joints

A

Assistance in movements

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7
Q

stores minerals like calcium and phosphate (in extracellular matrix)

A

mineral homeostasis

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8
Q

red bone marrow helps make:

A

red and white blood cells

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9
Q
  • in the medullary cavity

- contained in yellow bone marrow

A

triglyceride storage

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10
Q

long bone

A

humerus

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11
Q

flat bone

A

sternum

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12
Q

short bone

A

triquetrol

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13
Q

irregular bone

A

vertebra

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14
Q

Parts of the long bone

A
  • Diaphysis
  • Epiphysis
  • Articular Cartilage
  • Periosteum
  • Medullary Cavity
  • Endosteum
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15
Q

lining the cavities inside the bone

A

endosteum

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16
Q

lining that wraps around the bond

A

periosteum

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17
Q

Four types of cells in bone tissues:

A
  • Osteogenic cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts
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18
Q
  • Found on the surface of a bone and in the periosteum

- Capable of mitotic division

A

Osteogenic Cells

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19
Q
  • Bone forming cells

- Found in the margins of bone

A

Osteoblasts

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20
Q
  • mature bone cells

- found in the lacunae

A

Osteocytes

*Have gaps that allow them to communicate with each other

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21
Q
  • bone dissolving cells

- contain many nuclei (fusion of many mesodermal cells)

A

Osteoclasts

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22
Q

When the body is low on calcium, osteoclast levels do what?

A

Increase

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23
Q

What makes up the composition of bone’s matrix?

A
  • Collagen fibers

- Hydroxyapatite (Calcium and Phosphate)

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24
Q

Hydroxyapitate

A

Calcium and Phosphate

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25
Q

Bone matrix has _____ water and _____ salts

A

less water and more salts

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26
Q

Percent composition of bone:

A
  • 25% water
  • 50% salt
  • 25% fibrous protein
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27
Q

Few spaces between the hard components

A

Compact Bone

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28
Q

makes the external layer of all bones

A

Compact Bone

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29
Q

80% of bones are ____, the rest is _____

A

compact bone; spongy bone

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30
Q

Compact bone provides:

A
  • Strength

- Site of attachment for tendons and ligaments

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31
Q

site of attachment for tendons and ligaments

A

compact bone

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32
Q

Parts of compact bone matrix:

A
  • osteon
  • central canal
  • perforating canal
  • osteocyte
  • lacuna
  • bone matrix
  • canaliculus
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33
Q

extensions of membrane between osteocyte

A

canaliculus

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34
Q

What is another word for osteons?

A

Haversian Systems

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35
Q

Bones are arranged in:

A

Haversian Systems

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36
Q

Bone that does not contain true osteons

A

Spongy Bone

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37
Q

Spongy bone is made up of:

A

lamellae that are arranged in a lattice of thin columns of bones

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38
Q

spaces between them filled with red bone marrow

A

Trabeculae

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39
Q

Arranged to resist stress from many directions

A

Trabeculae

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40
Q

What occurs in the spongy bone of the long bones?

A

Hematopoiesis

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41
Q

Hormone that stimulates blood cell production

A

Hematoprotein

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42
Q

Formation of bone on a connective tissue base

A

Ossification/osteogenesis

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43
Q
  • mostly cartilage

- slowly replaced by bone

A

Embryo Skeleton

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44
Q

There are two possible ways for ossification:

A
  • Intramembraneous ossification

- Endochondral ossification

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45
Q

type of ossification where bones begin with sheet-like layers of connective tissues

  • Broad, flat bones
  • Intramembraneous bone
A

Intramembraneous Ossification

*Skull bones (except mandible)

46
Q

Type of ossification where bones begin as hyaline cartilage, form models for future bones

-most bones of the skelton

A

Endochondral Ossification

*Chond= “Cartilage”

47
Q

Center of ossification

A

osteoblasts

48
Q

Osteocytes develop in the spaces of the _____

A

bone matrix

49
Q

Bone matrix develops into:

A

trabeculae to form spongy bones

50
Q

Mesenchyme (on the outside):

A

condense to make the periosteum

51
Q

Endochondral Ossification beings:

A

in the second month of development

52
Q

Uses hyaline catilage “bones” as models for bone construction

A

Endochondral Ossification

53
Q

Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

A

Endochondral ossification

54
Q

Stages of Endochondral Ossification:

A
  1. Formation of bone collar
  2. Caviation of hyaline cartilage
  3. Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud, and spongy bone formation
  4. Formation of the medullary cavity; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses
  5. Ossification of the epiphyses, with hyaline cartilage remaining only in the epiphyseal (growth) plates
55
Q
  • Cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
  • Followed by a hypertrophic zone
A

Growth Zone

56
Q

where older cartilage cells enlarge

A

hypertrophic zone

57
Q

In a transformation zone, the matrix becomes

A

calcified

58
Q

-the matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die and the matrix begins to deteriorate

A

Transformation (calcification) zone

59
Q

new bone formation occurs

A

Ossification (osteogenic) zone

60
Q

Cartilage continually grows and is replaced by bone

A

Growth in legnth

61
Q

Bone is reabsorbed and added by appositional growth

A

Remodeling

62
Q

During infancy and childhood, epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by:

A

growth hormone

63
Q

During puberty, testosterone and estrogen:

A
  • initially promote adolescent growth spurts

- Cause: masculinization and feminization of specific parts of the skeleton

64
Q

Later, hormones induce epiphyseal plate closure:

A

ending longitudinal bone growth

65
Q

What causes masculinization and feminization of specific parts of the skeleton?

A

Testosterone and Estrogen

66
Q

Adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts that deposit and reabsorb periosteal and endosteal surfaces

A

Remodling units

67
Q

Occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed

A

Bone Deposition

68
Q

Bone Deposition requires a diet that is rich in:

A
  • Proteins
  • Vitamins A, C, and D
  • Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese
69
Q

Production of collagen fibers

A

Vitamin C

70
Q

Help promote activity associated with osteoblasts/osteoclasts

A

Vitamin A

71
Q

Helps body absorb Calcium

A

Vitamin D

72
Q

What do bones store Calcium for:

A
  • transmission of nerve impulses
  • muscle contractions
  • blood coagulation
  • secretion by: glands and nerve cells
  • cell division
73
Q

What does the Parathyroid do?

A

4 masses release PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) is released when blood calcium levels are too low. Hormone stimulates osteoclast activity to break down the bone’s matrix and puts the Ca++ back into the blood

74
Q

Thyroid releases _____ when blood calcium is too high. Stimulates osteoblasts to take Ca++ out of the blood and add to the bone matrix

A

Calcitonin

75
Q

Bone fractures are classified by:

A
  • the position of the bone ends after fracture
  • the completeness of the break
  • the orientation of the bone to the long axis
  • whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin
76
Q

A break in any bone

A

Fracture

77
Q
  • Compound Fracture

- Bone breaks through soft tissues

A

Open fracture

78
Q
  • Simple fracture

- Bone does not break through the soft tissue

A

Closed fracture

79
Q
  • bone fragments into three or more pieces

- common in the elderly

A

Comminuted fracture

80
Q
  • incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends
  • common in children, because children still have a lot of cartilage
A

Greenstick fracture

81
Q

One part of the bone is crushed into another part of the bone

A

Impacted Fracture

82
Q

Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along the epiphyseal line

-occurs where cartilage cells are dying

A

Epipheseal Fracture

83
Q

A fracture that occurs at the distal end of the radius

A

Colle’s Fracture

84
Q
  • Hairline Fracture
  • Type of incomplete fracture
  • Caused by: repeated or unusual stress often to a weight bearing bone
A

Stress Fracture

85
Q

Steps in bone repair:

A
  • Form a fracture hematoma
  • Fibrocartilagenous callus formation
  • Bony callus formation
  • Bone remodling
86
Q

What happens to the shape of bones when they repair themselves?

A

Width is greater than it was at the beginning and this will persist for the rest of their lives

87
Q

Decreases in sex steroids causes a:

A

decrease in bone mass

88
Q

Bones grow:

A

from birth through adolescense

89
Q

Group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit

A

osteoporosis

90
Q

During osteoporosis, ____ is most vulnerable

A

spongy bone of the spine

91
Q

Osteoporosis occurs most often in:

A

Post-menopausal women

92
Q

Bones become so fragile that sneezing or stepping off a curb can cause fracture:

A

osteoporosis

93
Q

Treatments for osteoporosis:

A
  • Calcium and Vitamin D supplements
  • Increase weight-bearing exercise
  • Hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss
  • Natural progesterone cream prompts new bone growth
  • Statins increase born mineral density
94
Q
  • Bones are inadequately mineralized, causing softened, weakened bones
  • Main symptom is: pain when weight is put on the affected bone
  • Caused by insufficient: Calcium in diet, or Vitamin D deficiency

*In adults

A

Osteomalacia

95
Q
  • Bones of children are inadequately mineralized, causing softened, weakened bones
  • Bowed legs and deformities of pelvis, skull, and rib cage are common
  • Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency
A

Rickets

96
Q

Why do isolated cases of Rickets occur?

A

Infants of breastfeeding mothers who are deficient in Vitamin D will also be deficient in Vitamin D and develop rickets

97
Q
  • characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown
  • bone with an excessively high ratio of woven bone to compact bone is formed
  • Causes spotty weakening of bones
  • Osteoclast activity wanes, but osteoblast activity continues to work
A

Paget’s Disease

98
Q

Where is Paget’s disease localized?

A

spine, pelvis, femur, and skull

99
Q

What is the treatment for Paget’s disease?

A

the drugs Didronate and Fosamax

100
Q
  • Person is very short but has normal body proportions

- Human growth hormone stimulates growth along the epiphyseal plates (without this hormones, this disease occurs)

A

Pituitary Dwarfism

101
Q
  • An excess of human growth hormone is released

- Before epiphyseal plates seal, height may be up to 8 feet

A

Pituitary Gigantism

102
Q
  • Excess secretion of human growth hormone in adults

- Causes enlargement of hands, feet, and jaw

A

Acromegaly

103
Q

Produce membranes and cartilages that form the embryonic skeleton

A

embryonic mesenchymal cells

104
Q

____ cells give rise to embryonic mesenchymal cells

A

Mesoderm

105
Q

The _____ ossifies at a known rate

A

embryonic skeleton

106
Q

fetal age is easily determined from ____

A

sonograms

107
Q

At birth, most long bones are ____

A

ossified

*except at the epiphyseal plate

108
Q

By age ____, nearly all bones are completely ossified

A

25

109
Q

A single gene codes for:

A
  • the tendency to accumulate bone mass early in life

- the risk for osteoporosis later in life

110
Q

in old age, bone absorption

A

outpaces bone growth

BIO 141 Lecture (8 decks)

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