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BIO 141 Lecture > Muscular System 1 > Flashcards

Muscular System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of muscle

A

myology

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2
Q

Muscles make up ____ of one’s body weight

A

40-50%

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3
Q

enervated by neurons of the somatic nervous system

A

skeletal muscle

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4
Q

enervated by neurons of the automatic nervous system

A

cardiac muscle (smooth)

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5
Q

Affected by neurotransmitters and hormones

A

smooth muscle

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6
Q

5 key functions of muscle tissue:

A

-Producing body movements -Stabilizing body position -Regulating organ volume (particularly through the use of sphincters) -Moving substances within the body -Producing heat (through contraction of muscle tissue)

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7
Q

How do muscles produce heat?

A

through contraction of muscle tissue

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8
Q

How does muscle tissue regulate organ volume

A

through the use of sphincters

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9
Q

4 properties of muscle

A

-Electrical excitability -Contractility -Extensibility -Elasticity

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10
Q

is stimulated by nerves

A

Electrical excitability

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11
Q

the ability of a muscle to contract

A

contractility

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12
Q

Ability of a muscle to expand/stretch

A

Extensibility

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13
Q

Ability of a muscle to return to its original shape

A

Elasticity

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14
Q

two types of muscle contractility

A

-isometric contraction -isotonic contraction

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15
Q

muscle tension without shortening the muscle

A

isometric contraction

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16
Q

muscle tension is constant as muscle shortens

A

isotonic contraction

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17
Q

Each skeletal muscle is considered to be an _____

A

organ

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18
Q

surrounds muscle fibers and whole muscle

A

connective tissue

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19
Q

penetrate the muscle

A

blood vessels and nerves

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20
Q

-sheet of fibrous connective tissue -surrounds muscles and other organs

A

facia

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21
Q

separates muscles from skin

A

superficial fascia

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22
Q

-dense, irregular connective tissue -lines the body wall and limbs -holds muscles together

A

deep fascia

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23
Q

connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle

A

epimysium

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24
Q

connective tissue that surrounds 10-100+ individual muscle fibers

A

perimysium

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25
perimysium separates muscle fibers into:
bundles/fascicles
26
-thin sheath of areolar connective tissue -wraps around each individual muscle fiber
endomysium
27
-a cord of dense, regular connective tissue -attaches to the periosteum of the bone
tendon
28
-a broad, flat layer of connective tissue -functions as a tendon
Aponeurosis e.g., frontalis and occipitalis
29
\_\_\_\_\_ stimulate skeletal muscle
somatic motor neurons
30
axons meet at:
the neuromuscular junction
31
axons usually branch to:
enervate different muscle fibers
32
-bring oxygen to the muscles -take away heat and metabolic waste
blood vessels
33
Each skeletal muscle fiber arises from the fusion of ____ cells
mesodermal
34
A mature muscle fiber has ____ or more nuclei
100 or more
35
the muscle fiber's plasma membrane
sarcomere
36
the sarcoma contain:
T-tubules
37
fluid filled tunnels in the muscle tissue carrying muscle action potentials
T-tubules
38
Allows the entire muscle to be enervated at one time
T-Tubules
39
Cytoplasm of the muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm
40
-the contractile elements of the skeletal muscle -give the muscle fiber striations
myofibrils
41
-encircles each myofibril -releases Ca++ to trigger muscle contraction
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
42
Inside myofibrils are two types of filaments:
-Thin filaments (actin) -Thick filaments (myocin)
43
Thin filaments
actin
44
Thick filaments
myocin
45
Separate one sarcomere from the next
Z discs
46
the darker portion
the A band
47
the less dense area (has only thin filaments)
the I band
48
A Z disc goes through ___ bands
I bands
49
Area in the middle of the A band
H zone
50
middle of the sarcomere
M line
51
make up skeletal muscle
myofibrils
52
make up myofibrils
sarcomeres
53
3 kinds of proteins make myofibrils:
1. contractile proteins 2. regulatory proteins 3. structural proteins
54
myocin and actin
contractile proteins
55
tropomyosin covers the myosin-binding site on actin
regulatory proteins
56
contribute to alignment, stability, and elasticity of myofibrils
structural proteins
57
myosin helps pull the thin filaments toward:
the M line
58
the thin filaments meet at the center of the \_\_\_\_
sarcomere
59
What happens when thin filaments meet at the center of the sarcomere
-causing Z discs to come together -shortening the sarcomere -shortens the entire muscle
60
The contractile cycle
-Ca++ is released by the SR (allowing the contraction cycle to begin) -ATP is broken to release energy -Myosin heads attach to actin -"Power Stroke" -Detachment of myosin from actin
61
It is the ____ filaments that move while the ___ filaments stay stationary
thin filaments move; thick filaments stay stationary
62
myosin heads attach to:
actin
63
muscle action potential starts here
Neuromuscular Junction
64
The synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
The Neuromuscular Junction
65
Where communication between a neuron and its target cel occurs
Synapse
66
Synaptic cleft divides:
the two cells
67
surrounds synaptic end bulbs
synaptic vesicles
68
release Ach into the NMJ
synaptic end bulbs
69
receives the neurotransmitters
Motor end plate
70
Describe the chemistry behind muscle contraction:
1. Action potential runs down neuron 2. Neuron releases acetyl coline into the synaptic cleft 3. reaches motor end plate of the sarcomere (\*Generates action potential\*) 4. Action potential runs down the T-tubule 5. Action potential stimulates S.R. to release CA++ 6. Calcium binds to Troponin (changes shape, releasing blocking action of Tropomyosin). Actin actives sites now exposed. 7. "Power Stroke" Hydrolysis of ATP (moves thin filaments to M line (muscle contracts) 8. Tropomyosin blockage restored, myosin heads release actin
71
Allows for influx of Na+
Acetyl Choline (allows for creation of action potential)
72
Moves thin filaments to M line
Power Stroke
73
myosin heads alternatively attach to actin and detach, pulling the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere, release of energy through ATP Hydrolysis
"Power Stroke"
74
thin filaments only
I band
75
thick filaments only
H zone
76
Thick filaments linked by accessory proteins
M line
77
Thick and thin filaments overlap
outer edge of A band
78
ATP in a muscle fiber
Enough to power a contraction for only a few seconds (4-6 seconds)
79
ATP in muscle fibers come from three sources:
1. Creatine Phosphate 2. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration 3. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
80
When at rest, muscles make more ATP than they need, and they put this extra ATP into:
Creatine Phosphate
81
A series of ATP-producing reactions that don't require oxygen
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
82
A series of oxygen requiring mitochondrial reactions that produce ATP
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
83
ATP and creatine phosphate stores have enough energy to power a contraction for ____ seconds
10-15 seconds
84
If you have continuous action potential, you eventually lose \_\_\_\_\_
Calcium
85
The inability of a muscle to contract forefully after prolonged activity
Muscle Fatigue
86
Factors in muscle fatigue:
1. Drop in CA++ released from the SR 2. Depletion of Creatine Phosphate
87
With prolonged muscle contractions, increase in:
oxygen delivery to the muscle tissue
88
The recovery period after exercise is due to:
due to oxygen debt
89
\_\_\_\_ restores metabolic conditions to resting levels
oxygen
90
Oxygen restores metabolic conditions to resting levels, by conveting lactic acid into:
glucose in the liver \*Later can build up Glycogen in muscle
91
O2 needed not just to make ATP stores but also:
1. ) creatine-phosphate stores 2. ) opxygen stored with myoglobin
92
Oxygen restores metabolic conditions to resting levels by resynthesizing:
Create Phosphate and ATP
93
Oxygen restores metabolic conditions to resting levels by replacing:
Oxygen removed by myoglobin

BIO 141 Lecture (8 decks)

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