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BIO 141 Lecture > Muscular System 1 > Flashcards

Muscular System 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the study of muscle

A

myology

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2
Q

Muscles make up ____ of one’s body weight

A

40-50%

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3
Q

enervated by neurons of the somatic nervous system

A

skeletal muscle

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4
Q

enervated by neurons of the automatic nervous system

A

cardiac muscle (smooth)

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5
Q

Affected by neurotransmitters and hormones

A

smooth muscle

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6
Q

5 key functions of muscle tissue:

A

-Producing body movements -Stabilizing body position -Regulating organ volume (particularly through the use of sphincters) -Moving substances within the body -Producing heat (through contraction of muscle tissue)

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7
Q

How do muscles produce heat?

A

through contraction of muscle tissue

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8
Q

How does muscle tissue regulate organ volume

A

through the use of sphincters

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9
Q

4 properties of muscle

A

-Electrical excitability -Contractility -Extensibility -Elasticity

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10
Q

is stimulated by nerves

A

Electrical excitability

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11
Q

the ability of a muscle to contract

A

contractility

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12
Q

Ability of a muscle to expand/stretch

A

Extensibility

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13
Q

Ability of a muscle to return to its original shape

A

Elasticity

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14
Q

two types of muscle contractility

A

-isometric contraction -isotonic contraction

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15
Q

muscle tension without shortening the muscle

A

isometric contraction

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16
Q

muscle tension is constant as muscle shortens

A

isotonic contraction

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17
Q

Each skeletal muscle is considered to be an _____

A

organ

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18
Q

surrounds muscle fibers and whole muscle

A

connective tissue

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19
Q

penetrate the muscle

A

blood vessels and nerves

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20
Q

-sheet of fibrous connective tissue -surrounds muscles and other organs

A

facia

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21
Q

separates muscles from skin

A

superficial fascia

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22
Q

-dense, irregular connective tissue -lines the body wall and limbs -holds muscles together

A

deep fascia

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23
Q

connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle

A

epimysium

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24
Q

connective tissue that surrounds 10-100+ individual muscle fibers

A

perimysium

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25
Q

perimysium separates muscle fibers into:

A

bundles/fascicles

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26
Q

-thin sheath of areolar connective tissue -wraps around each individual muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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27
Q

-a cord of dense, regular connective tissue -attaches to the periosteum of the bone

A

tendon

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28
Q

-a broad, flat layer of connective tissue -functions as a tendon

A

Aponeurosis e.g., frontalis and occipitalis

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29
Q

_____ stimulate skeletal muscle

A

somatic motor neurons

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30
Q

axons meet at:

A

the neuromuscular junction

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31
Q

axons usually branch to:

A

enervate different muscle fibers

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32
Q

-bring oxygen to the muscles -take away heat and metabolic waste

A

blood vessels

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33
Q

Each skeletal muscle fiber arises from the fusion of ____ cells

A

mesodermal

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34
Q

A mature muscle fiber has ____ or more nuclei

A

100 or more

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35
Q

the muscle fiber’s plasma membrane

A

sarcomere

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36
Q

the sarcoma contain:

A

T-tubules

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37
Q

fluid filled tunnels in the muscle tissue carrying muscle action potentials

A

T-tubules

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38
Q

Allows the entire muscle to be enervated at one time

A

T-Tubules

39
Q

Cytoplasm of the muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

40
Q

-the contractile elements of the skeletal muscle -give the muscle fiber striations

A

myofibrils

41
Q

-encircles each myofibril -releases Ca++ to trigger muscle contraction

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

42
Q

Inside myofibrils are two types of filaments:

A

-Thin filaments (actin) -Thick filaments (myocin)

43
Q

Thin filaments

A

actin

44
Q

Thick filaments

A

myocin

45
Q

Separate one sarcomere from the next

A

Z discs

46
Q

the darker portion

A

the A band

47
Q

the less dense area (has only thin filaments)

A

the I band

48
Q

A Z disc goes through ___ bands

A

I bands

49
Q

Area in the middle of the A band

A

H zone

50
Q

middle of the sarcomere

A

M line

51
Q

make up skeletal muscle

A

myofibrils

52
Q

make up myofibrils

A

sarcomeres

53
Q

3 kinds of proteins make myofibrils:

A
  1. contractile proteins 2. regulatory proteins 3. structural proteins
54
Q

myocin and actin

A

contractile proteins

55
Q

tropomyosin covers the myosin-binding site on actin

A

regulatory proteins

56
Q

contribute to alignment, stability, and elasticity of myofibrils

A

structural proteins

57
Q

myosin helps pull the thin filaments toward:

A

the M line

58
Q

the thin filaments meet at the center of the ____

A

sarcomere

59
Q

What happens when thin filaments meet at the center of the sarcomere

A

-causing Z discs to come together -shortening the sarcomere -shortens the entire muscle

60
Q

The contractile cycle

A

-Ca++ is released by the SR (allowing the contraction cycle to begin) -ATP is broken to release energy -Myosin heads attach to actin -“Power Stroke” -Detachment of myosin from actin

61
Q

It is the ____ filaments that move while the ___ filaments stay stationary

A

thin filaments move; thick filaments stay stationary

62
Q

myosin heads attach to:

A

actin

63
Q

muscle action potential starts here

A

Neuromuscular Junction

64
Q

The synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

A

The Neuromuscular Junction

65
Q

Where communication between a neuron and its target cel occurs

A

Synapse

66
Q

Synaptic cleft divides:

A

the two cells

67
Q

surrounds synaptic end bulbs

A

synaptic vesicles

68
Q

release Ach into the NMJ

A

synaptic end bulbs

69
Q

receives the neurotransmitters

A

Motor end plate

70
Q

Describe the chemistry behind muscle contraction:

A
  1. Action potential runs down neuron 2. Neuron releases acetyl coline into the synaptic cleft 3. reaches motor end plate of the sarcomere (*Generates action potential*) 4. Action potential runs down the T-tubule 5. Action potential stimulates S.R. to release CA++ 6. Calcium binds to Troponin (changes shape, releasing blocking action of Tropomyosin). Actin actives sites now exposed. 7. “Power Stroke” Hydrolysis of ATP (moves thin filaments to M line (muscle contracts) 8. Tropomyosin blockage restored, myosin heads release actin
71
Q

Allows for influx of Na+

A

Acetyl Choline (allows for creation of action potential)

72
Q

Moves thin filaments to M line

A

Power Stroke

73
Q

myosin heads alternatively attach to actin and detach, pulling the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere, release of energy through ATP Hydrolysis

A

“Power Stroke”

74
Q

thin filaments only

A

I band

75
Q

thick filaments only

A

H zone

76
Q

Thick filaments linked by accessory proteins

A

M line

77
Q

Thick and thin filaments overlap

A

outer edge of A band

78
Q

ATP in a muscle fiber

A

Enough to power a contraction for only a few seconds (4-6 seconds)

79
Q

ATP in muscle fibers come from three sources:

A
  1. Creatine Phosphate
  2. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
  3. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
80
Q

When at rest, muscles make more ATP than they need, and they put this extra ATP into:

A

Creatine Phosphate

81
Q

A series of ATP-producing reactions that don’t require oxygen

A

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

82
Q

A series of oxygen requiring mitochondrial reactions that produce ATP

A

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

83
Q

ATP and creatine phosphate stores have enough energy to power a contraction for ____ seconds

A

10-15 seconds

84
Q

If you have continuous action potential, you eventually lose _____

A

Calcium

85
Q

The inability of a muscle to contract forefully after prolonged activity

A

Muscle Fatigue

86
Q

Factors in muscle fatigue:

A
  1. Drop in CA++ released from the SR
  2. Depletion of Creatine Phosphate
87
Q

With prolonged muscle contractions, increase in:

A

oxygen delivery to the muscle tissue

88
Q

The recovery period after exercise is due to:

A

due to oxygen debt

89
Q

____ restores metabolic conditions to resting levels

A

oxygen

90
Q

Oxygen restores metabolic conditions to resting levels, by conveting lactic acid into:

A

glucose in the liver

*Later can build up Glycogen in muscle

91
Q

O2 needed not just to make ATP stores but also:

A
  1. ) creatine-phosphate stores
  2. ) opxygen stored with myoglobin
92
Q

Oxygen restores metabolic conditions to resting levels by resynthesizing:

A

Create Phosphate and ATP

93
Q

Oxygen restores metabolic conditions to resting levels by replacing:

A

Oxygen removed by myoglobin

BIO 141 Lecture (8 decks)

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