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BIO 141 Lecture > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

bone to bone

A

ligament

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2
Q

Largest joint in the body

A

knee/tibiofemoral joint

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3
Q

What does the knee/tibiofemoral joint do?

A

Allows for flexion, extension, and some rotation

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4
Q

The knee/tibeofemoral joint is ____ joints in one

A

3

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5
Q

What type of joint is the tibeofemoral joint?

A

Synovial

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6
Q

Between the patella and the femur

A

Femoropatellar Joint

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7
Q

What type of joint is the Femoropatellar Joint?

A

Planar

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8
Q

Between the femoral condyles and the semilunar cartilage of the tibia

A

Tibofemoral Joint

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9
Q

What type of joint is the Tibeofemoral Joint?

A

Hinge (for flexion and extension)

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10
Q

The knee joint is only partly enclosed by a ____

A

capsule

*Sides and posterior portion of knee

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11
Q

The 3 anterior ligaments running from patella and tibia

A
  • patellar ligament

- medial and lateral patellar retinacula

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12
Q

muscle to bone

A

tendon

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13
Q

The 3 anterior ligaments running from the patella and tibia are continuations of ____

A

the quadriceps tendon

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14
Q

No less than ____ bursar are associated with the knee

A

12

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15
Q
  • Fuses with the capsule

- Stablizes the posterior aspect of the knee

A

Oblique popliteal ligament

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16
Q
  • Extends over the head of the fibula over the popliteus muscle
  • Reinforces the joint capsule posteriorly
A

Arcuate popliteal ligament

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17
Q

rungs from the medial epicondyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia

A

Tibial Collateral Ligaments

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18
Q

Prevents lateral and medial rotation when knee is extended

A

Extracapsular fibular and tibial collateral ligaments

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19
Q

What is an example of an extra capsular fibular and tibial collateral ligament?

A

-Tibial collateral ligament

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20
Q

Intracapsular ligaments (cruciate ligaments)

A
  • Anterior cruciate ligament

- Posterior cruciate ligament

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21
Q
  • Attaches to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia
  • And attaches to the lateral condyle of the femur
  • Prevents: sliding between tibia and fibia
  • Prevents: hyperextension
A

ACL (Anterior cruciate ligament)

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22
Q
  • Attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia
  • Attaches to the lateral side of the medial femoral condyle
  • Prevents the: backward displacement of the tibia
  • Prevents: forward sliding of femur
A

PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament)

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23
Q

Refers to the range measured in degrees of a circle, through which a bone could be moved

A

range of motion

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24
Q

factors affecting range of motion:

A
  • Structure or shape of articulating bones
  • Strength or tension of joint ligaments
  • Arrangement and tension of muscles
  • Apposition of soft parts
  • Disuse
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25
Q

-ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn

A

Sprain

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26
Q

Why do torn ligaments repair slowly?

A

poor vascularization

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27
Q

A complete tear of a ligament requires:

A

immediate surgery for readjustment or for a graft

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28
Q

tearing of menisci or articular cartilage due to high stress exercise

A

Cartilage Injury

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29
Q

Cartilage fragments that interfere with going movement are removed via:

A

arthroscopic surgery

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30
Q

A lack of a meniscus can:

A

limit the mobility of the knee

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31
Q

Body’s way of immobilizing the joint

A

inflammation

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32
Q

when bones are forced out of alignment

A

Dislocation

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33
Q

Dislocation are often accompanied:

A

sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization

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34
Q

Dislocations are “reduced” by:

A

returning the bones to their proper positions

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35
Q

torn ligament

A

Sprain

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36
Q

torn tendon

A

Strain

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37
Q

Hyaline cartilage has worn away (bone-exposed)

A

Osteoarthritis

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38
Q

By ____ everyone has some degeneration in elbow, knees, hips, and shoulders

A

80

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39
Q

Males tend to develop changes in:

A

the vertebral column

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40
Q

osteoarthritis is present in some form in most people:

A

over 70

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41
Q
  • cartilage is worn away, at least at some points
  • bone tissue thickens and forms spurs
  • joint movement is restricted causing stiffness
  • slow and irreversible
A

Osteoarthritis

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42
Q
  • An autoimmune disease

- Causes inflammatory cells to flood certain joints and release quantities of inflammatory chemicals

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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43
Q

the synovial membrane thickens and erodes the cartilage

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

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44
Q

scar tissue forms and ossifies, joining the articulating bones together, causing joint restriction and pain

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

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45
Q

Breaks down the tissue at the joints

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

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46
Q

A point of contract between two bones, bone and cartilage, and between bone and teeth

A

joint

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47
Q

the study of joints

A

Arthrology

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48
Q

The study of motion in the human body

A

Kinesology

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49
Q

Structural classification of joints is based on what criteria:

A
  1. presence/absence of a space between the articulating bones (synovial cavity)
  2. type of connective tissue that binds the bones together
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50
Q

Structural classification of joints:

A
  1. Fibrous joints
  2. Cartilaginous joint
  3. Synovial joint
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51
Q
  • bones held together by fibrous connective tissue
  • collagen fibers
  • no synovial cavity
A

Fibrous Joints

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52
Q
  • Bones held together by cartilage

- No synovial cavity

A

Cartilaginous Joints

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53
Q
  • Have synovial cavity
  • Joined by an articular capsule which contains a synovial membrane
  • often have accessory ligaments
A

Synovial Joint

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54
Q

Space between articulating capsules

A

Synovial Cavity

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55
Q

Functional classification of joints:

A
  1. Synarthrosis
  2. Amphiarthrosis
  3. Diarthrosis
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56
Q

An immovable joint

A

Synarthrosis

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57
Q

Slightly movable joint

A

Amphiarthrosis

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58
Q

A freely moveable joint

A

Diarthrosis

*Permit several types of movement

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59
Q
  • Lack a synovial cavity
  • Permit little/no movement
  • Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue
  • there are 3 types
A

Fibrous Joints

60
Q
  • joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
  • interlocking edges decrease changes of breaking
  • some are present in childhood but breaking ossify to form synostosis
A

Suture

61
Q

When a suture breaks and ossifies

A

Synostosis

62
Q
  • A fibrous joint
  • there is a greater space between the two articulating bones
  • There is more fibrous connective tissue
A

Syndesmosis

*ex: Ligament between the bottom of fibula and tibia

63
Q

-A fibrous joint where a cone shaped peg (teeth) fits into a socket

A

Gomphosis

64
Q

3 types of Fibrous Joints:

A
  1. Suture
  2. Syndesmosis
  3. Gomphosis
65
Q

Two types of Cartilaginous Joints:

A
  1. Synchondrosis

2. Symphasis

66
Q
  • A cartilaginous joint

- The connecting material is hyaline cartilage

A

Synchondrosis

*e.g., cartilage joining the first rib and manubrium

67
Q

2nd, 3rd, and 4th pair of ribs have _____

A

synovial cavity

68
Q
  • A cartilaginous joint
  • the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but bones are connected by flat discs of fibrocartilage
  • All occur at the midline of the body
  • Amphiarthrotic
A

Symphysis

*pubic symphasis and intervertebral joings

69
Q
  • Have a space/synovial cavity between articulating joints
  • covered by articular cartilage
  • the articular cartilage surrounds a synovial joint and unites the articular bones
A

Synovial Joints

70
Q

Most joints are:

A

synovial/diarthrotic

71
Q

The articular capsule of a synovial joint is made up of two tissue layers:

A
  1. fibrous layer

2. synovial membrane

72
Q
  • outer layer

- usually dense, irregular connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum of the articular bones

A

fibrous layer of synovial joint

73
Q
  • inner layer of the articular capsule

- made up of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers

A

synovial membrane of synovial joing

74
Q

is vasularized and because it is it can bring nutrients to the articular cartilage by way of synovial fluid that it produces

A

synovial membrane

75
Q
  • is secreted by the synovial membrane
  • creates a thin film over the surfaces
  • is made up of hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid
  • is a lubricant
A

Synovial Fluid

76
Q

What is Synovial Fluid made of?

A

hyaluronic acid and instersitial fluid

77
Q

What is the function of Synovial Fluid?

A
  • brings: nutrients to the cartilage
  • removes: wastes from cartilage
  • contains: phagocytes
78
Q

What happens to synovial fluid when a joint doesn’t move for some time?

A

it becomes viscous

79
Q

-saclike structure found in some joints to alleviate some friction

A

Bursae

*The number in any individual will vary

80
Q

Bursae are filled with fluid similar to:

A

synovial fluid

81
Q

Act as cushions

A

Bursae

82
Q

Where are Bursae found?

A

between skin and bone, muscles and bone, and ligaments and bone

83
Q

-Tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons where there is considerable friction

A

tendon sheaths

84
Q
  • occurs where tendons pass through the synovial cavity

- occurs where there is a great deal of movment

A

tendon sheaths

85
Q

outside of the articular capsule

A

extracapsular

86
Q

within the articular capsule but the folds of the synovial membrane separate it from the synovial cavity

A

intracapsular

87
Q

Pads of fibrocartilage that are between the meeting surfaces of bones and attached to fibrous capsule

A

articular discs/menisci

88
Q

Allow bones of different shapes to fit together more securely

A

articular discs/menisci

89
Q

direct the flow of synovial fluid to the areas of greatest friction

A

articular discs/menisci

90
Q

synovial joints have many nerve endings at the:

A

anterior capsule and associated ligaments

91
Q

veins remove:

A

Co2 and wastes

92
Q

Types of Synovial Joints:

A
  1. Planar
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Condyloid
  5. Saddle
  6. Ball and Socket
93
Q

Arteries in the synovial membrane area bring in:

A

nutrients and oxygen

94
Q
  • Articular surfaces of these joints are flat or slightly curved
  • usually permit side to side or back and forth gliding movements
A

Planar (plane) joints

95
Q

The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone
-typically allow motion around a single axis

A

Hinge Joints

*Ulna/humerus

96
Q
  • Rounded/pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring of the other bone and a ligament
  • Allows rotation around the longitudinal axis
A

Pivot Joints

97
Q

-Convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into a corresponding depression on another bone

A

Condyloid Joints

*Metacarpal and phalanges joint

98
Q
  • The articular surface of one bone is sadde-shaped and the articular surface fits into this saddle
  • are bi-axial
A

Saddle Joints

  • Metacarpal and Trapezium
  • femur
99
Q
  • Ball-like surface fitting into the cup like depression in the opposing bone
  • are Multi-axial
A

Ball-and-Socket Joints

100
Q
  • Where flat bone surfaces move back and forth and side to side in relation to each other
  • occurs at planar joints
A

Gliding

*Wave

101
Q
  • increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones
  • main movments:
  • flexion
  • extension
  • hyperextension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • circumduction
  • lateral flexion
A

Angular

102
Q

decrease in angle between articulating bones

A

Flexion

103
Q

increase in the angle between articulating bones

*Often restores the body into anatomical position

A

Extension

104
Q

Continuation of extension beyond anatomical position

A

hyperextension

105
Q

the movement of a bone away from the middle

A

Abduction

106
Q

The movement of a bone towards the middle

A

Adduction

107
Q
  • The movement of the distal end of the body part in a circle
  • A continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
A

Circumduction

*e.g., moving the humorous in a circle

108
Q
  • Bones revolve around its own longitudinal axis

- Pivot and ball-and-socket joints

A

Rotation

109
Q

When the anterior surface of a bone is turned toward the midline

A

medial rotation

110
Q

when the anterior surface of a bone of a limb is turned away from the midline

A

lateral rotation

111
Q

upward movement

A

elevation

112
Q

downward movement

A

depression

113
Q

move part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane

A

protraction

114
Q

move part of the body posteriorly in the transverse plane

A

retraction

115
Q

movement of the soles medially at the inter tarsal joints so soles face each other

A

inversion

116
Q

movement of the soles laterally at the inter tarsal joints so soles face away from each other

A

Eversion

117
Q

The bending of the foot at the ankle or talocural joint in the direction of the dorsum
-toes point up toward nose

A

Dorsiflexion

118
Q

bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar or inferior surface
-like a ballerina

A

Plantar Flexion

119
Q

Movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints so palm is turned anteriorly

A

Supination

120
Q

Movment of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joint so palm is turned posteriorly

A

Pronation

121
Q

Movement of the thumb at the carpal metacarpal joint so the thumb crosses the hand and touches the fingertips of the same hand

A

Opposition

122
Q

When do the radius and ulna cross?

A

Pronation

123
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder?

A

Ball-and-socket joint

124
Q

in the shoulder, the head of the humerus fits into the:

A

glenoid cavity

125
Q

what is the fibrocartilage that deepens the glenoid cavity

A

Glenoid Labrum

126
Q

The shoulder’s joint mobility is aided by:

A

thin and loose articular capsule

127
Q

Ligaments of the shoulder:

A
  • Coracohumeral Ligament

- Glenohumeral Ligament

128
Q
  • thickens the shoulder capsule

- supports the weight of the upper limb

A

Coracohumeral Ligament

129
Q
  • Three of them

- Slightly strengthen the front of the capsule

A

Glenohumeral Ligament

130
Q
  • 4 tendons

- Encircles the shoulder joint and the articular capsule

A

Rotator cuff

131
Q

Aid in the stability of the shoulder

A

tendons of the shoulder

132
Q

What tendon does the most stabilizing for the shoulder joint?

A

the tendon of the head of the long head of the biceps brachii

133
Q
  • secures the head of the humerus to the glenoid cavity
  • travels through the joint cavity
  • runs within a portion of the humerus
A

the tendon of the head of the long head of the biceps brachii

134
Q

Articulation of the humorous with the ulna and radius

A

Elbow Joint

135
Q

Ulnar collateral and radial collateral ligaments restrict:

A

side-to-side movements

136
Q

What establishes the hinge movement in the elbow?

A

articulation with the ulna’s trochlear notch

137
Q

head of radius rotates during

A
  • supination

- pronation

138
Q

thin articular capsule

A

elbow joint

139
Q

What type of joint is the Hip/Coxal Joint?

A

Ball-and-Socket Joint

140
Q

The head of the femur fits into the:

A

acetabulum of the hip

141
Q

fibrocartilage that deepens the acetabulum

A

Acetabular Labrum

142
Q

Ligaments of the hip joint:

A
  • Iliofemoral ligament
  • pubofemoral ligament
  • ischiofemoral ligament
143
Q

strong anterior ligament of the hip joint

A

iliofemoral joint

144
Q

traiangular thickening on the inferior part of the capsule in the hip joint

A

pubofemoral ligament

145
Q

posterior ligament of the hip joint

A

ischiofemoral ligament

BIO 141 Lecture (8 decks)

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