Joints Flashcards
bone to bone
ligament
Largest joint in the body
knee/tibiofemoral joint
What does the knee/tibiofemoral joint do?
Allows for flexion, extension, and some rotation
The knee/tibeofemoral joint is ____ joints in one
3
What type of joint is the tibeofemoral joint?
Synovial
Between the patella and the femur
Femoropatellar Joint
What type of joint is the Femoropatellar Joint?
Planar
Between the femoral condyles and the semilunar cartilage of the tibia
Tibofemoral Joint
What type of joint is the Tibeofemoral Joint?
Hinge (for flexion and extension)
The knee joint is only partly enclosed by a ____
capsule
*Sides and posterior portion of knee
The 3 anterior ligaments running from patella and tibia
- patellar ligament
- medial and lateral patellar retinacula
muscle to bone
tendon
The 3 anterior ligaments running from the patella and tibia are continuations of ____
the quadriceps tendon
No less than ____ bursar are associated with the knee
12
- Fuses with the capsule
- Stablizes the posterior aspect of the knee
Oblique popliteal ligament
- Extends over the head of the fibula over the popliteus muscle
- Reinforces the joint capsule posteriorly
Arcuate popliteal ligament
rungs from the medial epicondyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia
Tibial Collateral Ligaments
Prevents lateral and medial rotation when knee is extended
Extracapsular fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
What is an example of an extra capsular fibular and tibial collateral ligament?
-Tibial collateral ligament
Intracapsular ligaments (cruciate ligaments)
- Anterior cruciate ligament
- Posterior cruciate ligament
- Attaches to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia
- And attaches to the lateral condyle of the femur
- Prevents: sliding between tibia and fibia
- Prevents: hyperextension
ACL (Anterior cruciate ligament)
- Attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia
- Attaches to the lateral side of the medial femoral condyle
- Prevents the: backward displacement of the tibia
- Prevents: forward sliding of femur
PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament)
Refers to the range measured in degrees of a circle, through which a bone could be moved
range of motion
factors affecting range of motion:
- Structure or shape of articulating bones
- Strength or tension of joint ligaments
- Arrangement and tension of muscles
- Apposition of soft parts
- Disuse
-ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
Sprain
Why do torn ligaments repair slowly?
poor vascularization
A complete tear of a ligament requires:
immediate surgery for readjustment or for a graft
tearing of menisci or articular cartilage due to high stress exercise
Cartilage Injury
Cartilage fragments that interfere with going movement are removed via:
arthroscopic surgery
A lack of a meniscus can:
limit the mobility of the knee
Body’s way of immobilizing the joint
inflammation
when bones are forced out of alignment
Dislocation
Dislocation are often accompanied:
sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
Dislocations are “reduced” by:
returning the bones to their proper positions
torn ligament
Sprain
torn tendon
Strain
Hyaline cartilage has worn away (bone-exposed)
Osteoarthritis
By ____ everyone has some degeneration in elbow, knees, hips, and shoulders
80
Males tend to develop changes in:
the vertebral column
osteoarthritis is present in some form in most people:
over 70
- cartilage is worn away, at least at some points
- bone tissue thickens and forms spurs
- joint movement is restricted causing stiffness
- slow and irreversible
Osteoarthritis
- An autoimmune disease
- Causes inflammatory cells to flood certain joints and release quantities of inflammatory chemicals
Rheumatoid arthritis
the synovial membrane thickens and erodes the cartilage
Rheumatoid Arthritis
scar tissue forms and ossifies, joining the articulating bones together, causing joint restriction and pain
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Breaks down the tissue at the joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis
A point of contract between two bones, bone and cartilage, and between bone and teeth
joint
the study of joints
Arthrology
The study of motion in the human body
Kinesology
Structural classification of joints is based on what criteria:
- presence/absence of a space between the articulating bones (synovial cavity)
- type of connective tissue that binds the bones together
Structural classification of joints:
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joint
- Synovial joint
- bones held together by fibrous connective tissue
- collagen fibers
- no synovial cavity
Fibrous Joints
- Bones held together by cartilage
- No synovial cavity
Cartilaginous Joints
- Have synovial cavity
- Joined by an articular capsule which contains a synovial membrane
- often have accessory ligaments
Synovial Joint
Space between articulating capsules
Synovial Cavity
Functional classification of joints:
- Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- Diarthrosis
An immovable joint
Synarthrosis
Slightly movable joint
Amphiarthrosis
A freely moveable joint
Diarthrosis
*Permit several types of movement
- Lack a synovial cavity
- Permit little/no movement
- Bones held together by fibrous connective tissue
- there are 3 types
Fibrous Joints
- joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
- interlocking edges decrease changes of breaking
- some are present in childhood but breaking ossify to form synostosis
Suture
When a suture breaks and ossifies
Synostosis
- A fibrous joint
- there is a greater space between the two articulating bones
- There is more fibrous connective tissue
Syndesmosis
*ex: Ligament between the bottom of fibula and tibia
-A fibrous joint where a cone shaped peg (teeth) fits into a socket
Gomphosis
3 types of Fibrous Joints:
- Suture
- Syndesmosis
- Gomphosis
Two types of Cartilaginous Joints:
- Synchondrosis
2. Symphasis
- A cartilaginous joint
- The connecting material is hyaline cartilage
Synchondrosis
*e.g., cartilage joining the first rib and manubrium
2nd, 3rd, and 4th pair of ribs have _____
synovial cavity
- A cartilaginous joint
- the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but bones are connected by flat discs of fibrocartilage
- All occur at the midline of the body
- Amphiarthrotic
Symphysis
*pubic symphasis and intervertebral joings
- Have a space/synovial cavity between articulating joints
- covered by articular cartilage
- the articular cartilage surrounds a synovial joint and unites the articular bones
Synovial Joints
Most joints are:
synovial/diarthrotic
The articular capsule of a synovial joint is made up of two tissue layers:
- fibrous layer
2. synovial membrane
- outer layer
- usually dense, irregular connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum of the articular bones
fibrous layer of synovial joint
- inner layer of the articular capsule
- made up of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers
synovial membrane of synovial joing
is vasularized and because it is it can bring nutrients to the articular cartilage by way of synovial fluid that it produces
synovial membrane
- is secreted by the synovial membrane
- creates a thin film over the surfaces
- is made up of hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid
- is a lubricant
Synovial Fluid
What is Synovial Fluid made of?
hyaluronic acid and instersitial fluid
What is the function of Synovial Fluid?
- brings: nutrients to the cartilage
- removes: wastes from cartilage
- contains: phagocytes
What happens to synovial fluid when a joint doesn’t move for some time?
it becomes viscous
-saclike structure found in some joints to alleviate some friction
Bursae
*The number in any individual will vary
Bursae are filled with fluid similar to:
synovial fluid
Act as cushions
Bursae
Where are Bursae found?
between skin and bone, muscles and bone, and ligaments and bone
-Tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons where there is considerable friction
tendon sheaths
- occurs where tendons pass through the synovial cavity
- occurs where there is a great deal of movment
tendon sheaths
outside of the articular capsule
extracapsular
within the articular capsule but the folds of the synovial membrane separate it from the synovial cavity
intracapsular
Pads of fibrocartilage that are between the meeting surfaces of bones and attached to fibrous capsule
articular discs/menisci
Allow bones of different shapes to fit together more securely
articular discs/menisci
direct the flow of synovial fluid to the areas of greatest friction
articular discs/menisci
synovial joints have many nerve endings at the:
anterior capsule and associated ligaments
veins remove:
Co2 and wastes
Types of Synovial Joints:
- Planar
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Condyloid
- Saddle
- Ball and Socket
Arteries in the synovial membrane area bring in:
nutrients and oxygen
- Articular surfaces of these joints are flat or slightly curved
- usually permit side to side or back and forth gliding movements
Planar (plane) joints
The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone
-typically allow motion around a single axis
Hinge Joints
*Ulna/humerus
- Rounded/pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring of the other bone and a ligament
- Allows rotation around the longitudinal axis
Pivot Joints
-Convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into a corresponding depression on another bone
Condyloid Joints
*Metacarpal and phalanges joint
- The articular surface of one bone is sadde-shaped and the articular surface fits into this saddle
- are bi-axial
Saddle Joints
- Metacarpal and Trapezium
- femur
- Ball-like surface fitting into the cup like depression in the opposing bone
- are Multi-axial
Ball-and-Socket Joints
- Where flat bone surfaces move back and forth and side to side in relation to each other
- occurs at planar joints
Gliding
*Wave
- increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones
- main movments:
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
- lateral flexion
Angular
decrease in angle between articulating bones
Flexion
increase in the angle between articulating bones
*Often restores the body into anatomical position
Extension
Continuation of extension beyond anatomical position
hyperextension
the movement of a bone away from the middle
Abduction
The movement of a bone towards the middle
Adduction
- The movement of the distal end of the body part in a circle
- A continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
Circumduction
*e.g., moving the humorous in a circle
- Bones revolve around its own longitudinal axis
- Pivot and ball-and-socket joints
Rotation
When the anterior surface of a bone is turned toward the midline
medial rotation
when the anterior surface of a bone of a limb is turned away from the midline
lateral rotation
upward movement
elevation
downward movement
depression
move part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane
protraction
move part of the body posteriorly in the transverse plane
retraction
movement of the soles medially at the inter tarsal joints so soles face each other
inversion
movement of the soles laterally at the inter tarsal joints so soles face away from each other
Eversion
The bending of the foot at the ankle or talocural joint in the direction of the dorsum
-toes point up toward nose
Dorsiflexion
bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar or inferior surface
-like a ballerina
Plantar Flexion
Movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints so palm is turned anteriorly
Supination
Movment of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joint so palm is turned posteriorly
Pronation
Movement of the thumb at the carpal metacarpal joint so the thumb crosses the hand and touches the fingertips of the same hand
Opposition
When do the radius and ulna cross?
Pronation
What type of joint is the shoulder?
Ball-and-socket joint
in the shoulder, the head of the humerus fits into the:
glenoid cavity
what is the fibrocartilage that deepens the glenoid cavity
Glenoid Labrum
The shoulder’s joint mobility is aided by:
thin and loose articular capsule
Ligaments of the shoulder:
- Coracohumeral Ligament
- Glenohumeral Ligament
- thickens the shoulder capsule
- supports the weight of the upper limb
Coracohumeral Ligament
- Three of them
- Slightly strengthen the front of the capsule
Glenohumeral Ligament
- 4 tendons
- Encircles the shoulder joint and the articular capsule
Rotator cuff
Aid in the stability of the shoulder
tendons of the shoulder
What tendon does the most stabilizing for the shoulder joint?
the tendon of the head of the long head of the biceps brachii
- secures the head of the humerus to the glenoid cavity
- travels through the joint cavity
- runs within a portion of the humerus
the tendon of the head of the long head of the biceps brachii
Articulation of the humorous with the ulna and radius
Elbow Joint
Ulnar collateral and radial collateral ligaments restrict:
side-to-side movements
What establishes the hinge movement in the elbow?
articulation with the ulna’s trochlear notch
head of radius rotates during
- supination
- pronation
thin articular capsule
elbow joint
What type of joint is the Hip/Coxal Joint?
Ball-and-Socket Joint
The head of the femur fits into the:
acetabulum of the hip
fibrocartilage that deepens the acetabulum
Acetabular Labrum
Ligaments of the hip joint:
- Iliofemoral ligament
- pubofemoral ligament
- ischiofemoral ligament
strong anterior ligament of the hip joint
iliofemoral joint
traiangular thickening on the inferior part of the capsule in the hip joint
pubofemoral ligament
posterior ligament of the hip joint
ischiofemoral ligament
