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BIO 141 Lecture > Muscular System 2 > Flashcards

Muscular System 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

total tension a fiber can produce depends on:

A

the rate at which nerve impulses arrive at the neuromuscular junction

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2
Q

The more rapidly a muscle is stimulated, but ______ force it exerts

A

more

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3
Q

Muscle fibers of a motor unit are dispersed:

A

throughout the entire muscle

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4
Q

Muscles with precise movements have:

A

many small motor units

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5
Q

The somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle it stimulates:

A

Motor Unit

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6
Q

A brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit

A

Twitch Contraction

*A response to a single action potential in its motor neuron

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7
Q

Shows how long a muscle contraction lasts:

A

Myogram

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8
Q

A twitch lasts:

A

20-200 msec

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9
Q

the “line” drawn by a myogram is a _____

A

tracing

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10
Q

Stages of a twitch contraction:

A
  • Latent Period
  • Contraction Period
  • Relaxation Period
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11
Q
  • 2 mseconds
  • CA++ are released from the SR and filaments begin to exert tension
  • There isn’t a contraction yet
A

Latent Period

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12
Q

-10-100 mseconds

A

Contraction Period

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13
Q
  • 10-100 mseconds

- CA++ return to SR, which results in relaxation

A

Relaxation Period

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14
Q

A second stimuli will cause a contraction:

A

wave summation

*Frequency of stimulation

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15
Q

Stimulation of the skeletal muscle at a rate of 20-30x 1 sec

A

Unfused Tenanus

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16
Q
  • Stimulation rate of 80-100 stimuli/sec

- generate a sustained contraction where individual twitches cannot be discerned

A

Fused Tenanus

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17
Q

Process by which the number of active motor units is increased
-only some motor units are active at a time to delay the period of muscle fatigue

A

Motor Unit Recruitment

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18
Q

Why do only some motor units activate at a time?

A

To delay the period of muscle fatigue

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19
Q

Some involuntary activated motor units that produced sustained contraction of the muscle fibers that generate muscle

A

Muscle Tone

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20
Q

Contractions that are not long enough to generate actual movement

A

Muscle Tone

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21
Q

A muscle shortens and pulls on another structure to produce movement

A

Concentric Isotonic Contractions

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22
Q

The overall length of a muscle increases during a contraction

A

Eccentric Isotonic Contractions

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23
Q

Tension is generated without shortening the muscles

A

Isometric Contractions

*Apply Pressure with hands on the table

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24
Q

Muscle fibers differ in the content of _____

A

myoglobin

*Giving white and red muscle fibers

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25
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers are classified into 3 main types:

A
  1. Slow Oxidative
  2. Fast Oxidative
  3. Fast Glycolytic
26
Q
  • Are the smallest in diameter
  • the least powerful of the muscle fibers
  • dark red because they contain large amounts of myoglobin
  • They have many mitochondria so they usually generate ATP through aerobic respiration
  • Have a low concentration velocity, but rarely fatigue
A

Slow Oxidative Fibers

27
Q
  • Are Intermediate in diameter
  • Have large amounts of myoglobin
  • Generate lots of ATP through aerobic respiration and aerobic glycolysis
  • Are able to contract at a higher velocity
A

Fast Oxidative Fibers

28
Q

The ATPase in the myosin heads hydrolyzes ATP faster than the ATPase in slow oxidative fibers

A

Fast Oxidative Fibers

29
Q
  • The largest in diameter
  • Have the most myofibrils (highest #)
  • Can generate the most powerful contractions
  • Have low myoglobin content and few mitochondria
  • Are white
  • Hydrolyze ATP rapidly to help cause fast and strong fiber contraction
A

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

*Cannot contract for long (not as vascularized)

30
Q
  • Principle tissue of the heart
  • Has actin and myosin, banding, and Z discs
  • The ends of these cells are attached to subsequent cells through intercalated discs
  • Require a constant supply of oxygen
  • Mitrochondria are larger
A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

31
Q
  • Usually activated involuntarily
  • Has thick and thin filaments but they are not arranged in orderly sarcomeres (thus no striations)
  • Lack T-Tubules and few SR
  • Has two types
A

Smooth Muscle Tissue

32
Q

Two types of smooth muscle tissue:

A
  1. Visceral Smooth Muscle Tissue

2. Multiunit Smooth Muscle Tissue

33
Q

Forms parts of walls of arteries and veins and hollow viscera

A

Visceral Smooth Muscle Tissue

34
Q
  • Made of individual fibers

- found in the walls of large arteries, in airways to lungs, arrector pili, in iris, and the ciliary body

A

Multiunit Smooth Muscle Tissue

35
Q

What causes “Muscle Growth” after development?

A

Due to the increase in size of current muscle fibers

36
Q

Divide slowly and fuse to existing fibers of damaged fibers

A

Satellite Cells

37
Q

Replacement of muscle fibers by fibrous scar tissue

A

Fibrosis

38
Q

Additional cells can migrate from ____ to participate in muscle regeneration

A

red bone marrow

39
Q

all muscles are derived from the _____

A

mesoderm

40
Q

Somites are formed on the:

A

20th day of development

41
Q

Paired, blocklike masses of mesoderm, arranged segmentally alongside the neural tube of the embryo, forming the vertebral column and segmental masculature

A

somites

42
Q

What do somites form?

A
  1. ) vertebral column

2. ) segmental masculature

43
Q

Around ___, humans begin to loose skeletal muscle mass and it is replaced by fibrous connective tissue and adipose tissue

A

30

44
Q

Around age 30, what replaces skeletal muscle?

A

fibrous connective tissue and adipose tissue

45
Q

Around age 30, there is a decrease in:

A

Maximal strength

46
Q

Why are endurance and strength training programs so effective in older people?

A

They can slow or reverse age-associated decline in muscular performance

47
Q

Skeletal muscles work together or in opposition to:

A

create movement

48
Q

Muscles only:

A

pull

49
Q

What happens when muscles shorten?

A

The insertion usually moves toward the origin

50
Q

Whatever a muscle does, another muscle _____

A

counteracts

51
Q

Provides the major force for producing a specific movement:

A

prime movers

52
Q

oppose a movement

A

Antagonist

53
Q
  • Add force to a movement

- Reduce undesired or unnessesary movements

A

Synergists

54
Q

Synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle origin

A

Fixator

55
Q

Bone or body region associated with the muscle

A

Location of a muscle

*E.g., rectus femoris, temporalis

56
Q

Deltoid

A

Shape

57
Q

Maximus, minimus, longus

A

Relative Size

58
Q

Rectus, Transverse, Oblique

A

Direction of Fibers

59
Q

biceps and triceps

A

Number of origins

60
Q

The point of origin or insertion (e.g., sternocleidomastoid)

A

Location of Attachments

61
Q

Flexor/extensor

A

Action

BIO 141 Lecture (8 decks)

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