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BIO 141 Lecture > Lecture Chp. 4: Cellular Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture Chp. 4: Cellular Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

All chemical reactions that occur in the body

A

Metabolic Processes

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2
Q

Two types of metabolic reactions

A
  1. Anabolism

2. Catabolism

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3
Q

Large molecules are made from small molecules (requires energy)

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones (releases energy)

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

Anabolism provides the materials needed for _____.

A

cellular growth and repair

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6
Q

Type of anabolic process

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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7
Q

Used to make polysaccharides, triglycerides, and proteins (produces water)

A

Dehydration Synthesis (Anabolism)

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8
Q

A catabolic process

A

Hydrolysis

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9
Q

Used to decompose carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Water is used to split the substances.

A

Hydrolysis

*Reverse of dehydration synthesis

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10
Q

Force water into the molecule to break it down

A

Hydrolysis

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11
Q

Type of reaction that releases energy

A

Exergonic

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12
Q

type of reaction that requires an input of energy

A

Endergonic

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13
Q

When you break a phosphate bond, you ____ energy

A

gain

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14
Q

the ability to do work

A

energy

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15
Q

energy stored

A

potential energy

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16
Q

energy of motion and heat

A

kinetic energy

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17
Q

Fast moving particles exhibit the energy heat

A

kinetic energy

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18
Q
  • Help link endergonic and exergonic reactions
  • are usually proteins
  • speed up chemical reactions
A

enzyme

*act as a catalyst. ATP will eventually fall apart, but we can’t wait forever. So, we have enzymes b/c we need energy now!

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19
Q

The energy required to start a process

A

activation energy

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20
Q

Only _____ reactions are spontaneous

A

exergonic

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21
Q

Catalysts do _____

A

catalysis

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22
Q

How to catalysts increase the chances that a exergonic reaction will take place?

A

They manipulate chemical bonds so less activation energy is needed to start the process

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23
Q

Enzymes are biological _____ that bind to _____

A

biological catalysts; bind to substrates

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24
Q

Enzymes have a highly specific ______

A

active site

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25
Q

Enzymes bind to substrates through:

A

weak, non-covalent bons

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26
Q

When enzymes bind to substrates, what may happen?

A

Binding might change the shape of the enzyme temporarily

*induced fit

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27
Q

Depending on the temperature, an enzyme may bind to, alter, and release _____ molecules per second.

A

100,000

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28
Q

Composed of several non-covalently bonded enzymes

A

Multienzyme Complexes

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29
Q

Multicomplex enzymes:

A

rapidly accomplish a series of reactions

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30
Q

Most metabolic pathways:

A
  1. multiple steps

2. must be catalyzed by multiple enzymes

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31
Q

Aid enzymes in catalysis

A

cofactors

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32
Q

organic, non-protein molecules that aid enzymes in catalysis

A

Coenzymes (cofactor)

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33
Q

Reactions that move pairs of electrons

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

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34
Q

_____ will aid in oxidation-reduction reactions

A

cofactors

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35
Q

What is the most important coenzyme

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

*know dinucleotide

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36
Q

What makes up NAD+

A
  • AMP

- nicotinamide monophosphate

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37
Q

When NAD+ becomes reduced:

A
  • it picks up 2 electrons in association with it

- creases NADH

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38
Q

NADH will donate the electrons it gained when NAD+ was reduced to another molecule, including:

A

those that make ATP

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39
Q

NAD+ =

A

oxidized

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40
Q

NADH =

A

reduced

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41
Q

Molecules are ____ when they lose electrons

A

Oxidized

*oxidation reactions

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42
Q

Molecules are ____ when they gain electrons (become more negative)

A

Reduced

*Reduction reactions

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43
Q

When enzymes fall apart

A

denatured

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44
Q

Increasing ambient temperatures:

A

-increases the rate of enzymatic work up to a point (extreme temperatures may denature the protein)

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45
Q

All enzymes have an ______ temperature

A

optimum

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46
Q

pH can determine:

A

the efficiency of enzymes

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47
Q

Optimum pH for most proteins is between a pH of:

A

6 and 8

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48
Q

What is the exception for an enzyme that has a very acidic pH

A

pepsin (stomach acid)= ph of 2

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49
Q

Any molecule that changes the activity of an enzyme is an _____

A

effector

*could increase or decrease

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50
Q

effectors that inhibit enzyme activity are:

A

inhibitors

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51
Q

Molecules that resemble a substrate and can occupy an active site are:

A

steric inhibitors

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52
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

steric inhibitors

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53
Q

Get food from something else (another organism)

A

heterotrophs

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54
Q

synthesize own organic molecules to obtain energy

A

autotrophs

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55
Q

All chemical reactions that occur in the body

A

metabolism

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56
Q

what is an example of a steric inhibitor?

A

carbon monoxide

*Binds to hemoglobin and prevents hemoglobin from picking up oxygen

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57
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors bind somewhere on the enzyme other than the _____

A

active site

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58
Q

non-competitive inhibitor is also known as an

A

allosteric effector

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59
Q

A noncompetitive inhibitor changes the ____

A

shape of the active site

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60
Q

When can ATP function as an allosteric effector?

A

with PFK

*ATP can bind to PFK so that cells can’t break down Glucose

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61
Q

The process in which organic molecules are broken down to obtain energy

A

cellular respiration

62
Q

most eukaryotes are aerobic and complete ___ stages of cellular respiration

A

4

63
Q

most prokaryotes are anaerobic and complete ____ stages of cellular respiration

A

1

64
Q

cellular respiration uses:

A

oxygen

65
Q

What are the four stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Transition Reaction
  3. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
66
Q

The first two stages of cellular respiration (glycolysis and transition reaction) occur in the ____

A

cytosol

67
Q

The second two stages of cellular respiration (citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) occur in the ____

A

mitochondrion

68
Q

oxidative phosphorylation is where the cell:

A

makes a lot of ATP

69
Q

During cellular respiration, Glucose is broken down into:

A
  • ~36 to 28 ATP
  • water
  • carbon dioxide
70
Q

A three-phase pathway in which:

  • Made up of 10 steps
  • Glucose is oxidized (loses electron) into pyretic acid
  • NAD+ is reduced to NADH
  • ATP is synthesized
A

Glycolysis

71
Q

Phase 1 of Glycolysis:

A
  • split glucose into 2 3-C molecules
  • Requires 2 ATP
  • Includes the regulatory step of ATP synthesis (Enzyme PFK)
72
Q

Phase 2 of Glycolysis:

A
  • oxidation of the 2 3-C molecules
  • reduces 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH
  • Phosphorylation of the 2 3-C molecules
73
Q

Phase 3 of Glycolysis:

A
  • Further oxidation of the 2 3-C molecules
  • Generates 4 ATP
  • Oxidation of 2 3-C molecules (removes water)
  • 2 pyruvate (same as 2 pyruvic acid molecules) are formed
74
Q

To maintain glycolysis, a cell needs a constant supply of ____

A

NAD+

75
Q

Aerobic organisms use ____ to convert NADH to NAD+

A

oxygen

76
Q

In anaerobes, what happens to NADH?

A

There is a build-up of NADH and pyretic acid is used to form ethanol (and carbon dioxide)

*ethanol helps oxidize NADH into NAD+

77
Q

Pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA in three main steps:

A
  • Decarboxylation
  • Oxidation
  • Formation of acetyl CoA
78
Q

carbon is removed from pyretic acid and carbon dioxide is released

A

decarboxylation

pyruvic acid–> acetyl CoA

79
Q

Hydrogen atoms are removed from pyruvic acid and NAD+ is reduced to NADH

A

Oxidation

pyruvic acid–> acetyl CoA

80
Q

the resulting acetic acid (from the first two steps of converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA) is combined with:

A

coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA

81
Q

Acetyl CoA has two possible fates:

A
  1. it can enter the citric acid/krebs cycle

2. it can be used to make fats

82
Q

A hydrogen atom is transferred to NAD+, forming NADH

A

oxidation-reduction

83
Q

An eight-step cycle in which each Acetly CoA is decarboxylated and gives up electrons, generating:

  • 3 NADH
  • 1 FADH2
  • 2 CO2
  • 1 GTP
A

Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

84
Q

Acetyl CoA, when introduced into the citric acid cycle, will interact with _____ to form ____?

A

oxaloacetate (C4); citrate (citric acid)

85
Q

What goes into the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

86
Q

What are the products of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A
  • 3 NADH
  • 1 FADH2
  • 2 CO2
  • 1 GTP (ATP Analogue)
87
Q

The energy from oxidizing NADH and FADH2 is used to make the ______ of ATP

*electron transport chain

A

phosphate bonds

88
Q

The e- are send down an electron transport chain and given to:

A

oxygen

89
Q

Oxidation phosphorylation is coupled with this:

A

ATP is synthesized

Add phosphate group to ADP to synthesize ATP

90
Q

In the electron transport chain, a ______ is established with

A

chemical gradient

91
Q

During the electron transport chain, Protons (H+) are pumped

A

1, 3, and 4 (cytochrome 2 does not add H+ ions)

92
Q

During the electron transport chain, a high concentration of H+ is established in:

A

the intermembrane space

93
Q

When a high concentration of H+ is established in the intermembrane space, a _____ is also established

A

electrochemical gradient

94
Q

What simply passes electrons down the election chain?

A

Cytochrome 2

95
Q

Take electrons and use them to reduce other molecules

A

Electron Carriers

96
Q

The pathway of electrons

A

the pathway of the electrons

97
Q

proteins that change color when they are reduced and oxidized

A

Cytochromes

98
Q

Every time an electron is being passed through a cytochrom, ____ is being pumped out

A

H+

99
Q

In Oxidating Phosphorylation, electrons are delivered to oxygen, forming ____

A

oxygen ions

100
Q

In Oxidative Phosphorylation, oxygen atoms attract ____ to form ____.

A

H+; water

101
Q

When H+ is pumped to the intermembrane space, if diffuses back into the matrix by way of ______

A

ATP Synthase

*Releases energy to make ATP

102
Q

Each NADH can yield ___ ATP through ____.

A

2.5 ATP; the electron transport chain

103
Q

each FADH2 can yield ____ ATP

A
  1. 5

* FADH2 gives electrons to the second cytochrome

104
Q

The citric acid cycle generates ____ ATP from NADH

A

20 ATP

105
Q

The citric acid cycle generates ____ ATP from FADH2

A

3 ATP

106
Q

The two molecules of NADH made in glycolysis make:

A

2-3 ATP

107
Q

How many ATP molecules are made directly in Glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

108
Q

_____ are made directly in the citric acid cycle

A

2 GTP

109
Q

Cellular respiration produces:

A

36-38 GTP

110
Q

Why is there only one ATP Synthase pump in the electron transport chain?

A

only one, to keep high H+ concentration on the outside of the membrane

111
Q

The cytochrome has how many proteins?

A

5

*(1,2,3,4, and ATP Synthase)

112
Q

When there is too much ATP, ATP acts as an ____, changing the shape of enzyme PFK, shutting down Glycolysis

A

allosteric inhibitor

*Illustrates Negative Feedback

113
Q

What happens to excess Glucose?

Carbohydrate Storage

A
  • Glycogen (Parimarily by liver and muscle cells)
  • Fat
  • Converted to: amino acid
114
Q

Regulation of Metabolic Pathways

A
  • limited number of regulatory enzymes

- negative feedback

115
Q

_____ is in the middle of all metabolic pathways

A

The Kreb Cycle

116
Q

_____ contain more energy than any other macromolecule

A

Fat Molecules

117
Q

What it the energy content of fat?

A

9.4 kcal/gram of fat

118
Q

What is the energy content of carbohydrates?

A

4.1 kcal/gram of carb

119
Q

What is the energy content of Protein?

A

4.1 kcal/gram of protein

120
Q

What is the first macromolecule to be broken down by the body?

A

carbohydrates

121
Q

What is the second macromolecule to be broken down by the body?

A

Proteins

122
Q

What is the last macromolecule to be broken down by the body?

A

Fat

123
Q

instructs cells how to construct proteins; stored in DNA

A

Genetic Information

124
Q

segment of DNA that codes for one protein

A

Gene

125
Q

complete set of genes

A

Genome

126
Q

Method used to translate a sequence of nucleotides into a sequence of amino acids

A

Genetic Code

127
Q

Delivers information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

A

Messenger RNA

128
Q

Messenger RNA is:

A

a single polypeptide chain

129
Q

Where is a RNA molecule formed?

A

formed beside a strand of DNA

130
Q

making of mRNA (copying of DNA) is:

A

transcription

131
Q

RNA nucleotides are complementary to DNA nucleotides (except no _____ in RNA; replaced with _____)

A

Thymine; Uracil

132
Q

Structure of DNA

A
  • 2 polynucleotide chains

- Forms a helix

133
Q

A pairs with ____

A

T

134
Q

G pairs with ____

A

C

135
Q

How do A and T and G and C pair with each other?

A

Through Hydrogen Bonds

136
Q

What is DNA wrapped around?

A

histone proteins

*(forms chromosomes)

137
Q

What does transfer RNA carry to mRNA?

A
  • amino acids

- anticodon

138
Q

what does tRNA do?

A

translates a codon of mRNA into amino acid

139
Q

provides structure and enzyme activity for ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

140
Q

3 nitrogen containing bases on a base of tRNA that compliments codon. If match, the n we know we brought in the right amino acid

A

Anticodon

141
Q

Codes for a single amino acid

A

Codon

142
Q

DNA Replication is controlled by:

A

DNA polymerase

143
Q

In DNA Replication, new nucleotides pair with ______

A

exposed bases

144
Q

DNA molecule synthesized is ____ of original DNA and ____ new DNA

A

1/2; 1/2

*Semi-conservative

145
Q

Describe where protein is synthesized

A

In Ribosomes, E site, P site, and A site

146
Q

Where is the first codon?

A

Underneath the P site

147
Q

During protein synthesis, what kind of bonds are formed?

A

Peptide Bond

148
Q

Permanent change in genetic info

A

Mutation

149
Q

Result when extra bases are added or deleted and bases are changed

A

Mutation

150
Q

_____ correct mutations

A

repair enzymes

151
Q

____ may or may not change the protein

A

mutations

152
Q

Mutation where one amino acid is wrong

A

Sickle-Cell anemia

BIO 141 Lecture (8 decks)

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