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BIO 141 Lecture > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

General characteristics of the Integumentary System:

A
  • protective covering
  • composed of several tissues
  • maintains homeostasis
  • retards water loss
  • regulates body temperature
  • houses sensory receptors
  • contains immune system cells
  • synthesizes chemicals (vitamin D)
  • excretes small amounts of waste
  • help synthesize vitamin D
  • Keratinocytes
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2
Q

produce substances which stimulate the development of white blood cells

A

keratinocytes

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3
Q

active form

A

calcitrol

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4
Q

aid in the development of bone and teeth

A

vitamin D

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5
Q

Layers of skin:

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Subcutaneous layer
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6
Q
  • below the dermis

- not a true layer of skin

A

subcutaneous layer

*hypodermis

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7
Q

made up of:

  • loose connective tissue
  • adipose tissue
  • contains: some blood vessels
A

Subcutaneous Layer

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8
Q

What is the function of the subcutaneous layer?

A

Insulates

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9
Q

-Keritonized
-Lack blood vessels
Basement membrane

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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10
Q

where is simple squamous the thickest?

A

on the soles and palms (.8-1.4 mm thick)

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11
Q

produce melanin

A

melanocytes (simple squamous epithelium)

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12
Q

Layers of the epidermis:

A
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
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13
Q

What are the two regions of the dermis:

A
  • Papillary

- Reticular

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14
Q

What is the dermis made up of?

A

Mostly connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers

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15
Q
  • Dermal Papillae

- areolar tissue with elastic fibers

A

Papillary Region

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16
Q
  • deeper portion of the dermis

- has dense irregular connective tissue

A

Reticular Region

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17
Q

Pigment released so it only covers superficial portion of keritanocytes

A

melanocytes

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18
Q

General characteristics of dermis:

A
  • bind epidermis to underlying tissue
  • is about 1.0-2.0 mm thick
  • includes nerve processes and sensory receptors, blood vessels, muscle tissue, hair follicles, and glands
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19
Q

Structural basis of skin color:

A

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

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20
Q

What leads to an increase in melanin production?

A

UV light stimulates enzymatic activity within the melanosome, leading to an increase in melanin production

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21
Q

melanin-forming organelle in malanocytes

A

melanosome

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22
Q

Yellow-orange pigment and a precursor to Vitamin A

A

Carotene

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23
Q

When oxygenated it has a bright red color

A

Hemoglobin

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24
Q

Lack of (functional) melanocytes

A

Albinism

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25
Q

Melanocytes die off slowly over time

A

Vitiligo

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26
Q

Not found on soles, palms, lips, nipples, external genetalia

A

Hair

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27
Q

What accounts for distribution and thickness of hair

A

genetics and hormones

*males have more hair because of testosterone

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28
Q

Structure of hair:

A
  • Root

- Shaft

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29
Q

Both the root and shaft are composed of:

A

Epithelial cells that are being keritonized

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30
Q

The hair follicle surrounds the:

A

root

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31
Q

The hair follicle is composed of:

A
  • tube-like depression of epidermal cells into the dermis

- in here we find the: papilla, root, shaft, dead, epidermis, melanin cells

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32
Q

The hair follicle is attached to the:

A

arrector pili muscle

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33
Q

A bulb is at the:

A

base of each follicle

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34
Q

The bulb houses the:

A

papilla

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35
Q

What does the papilla contain?

A

areolar tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and a germinal layer of cells

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36
Q

Hair color is primarily due to:

A

the amount and type of melanin in the keritonized cell

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37
Q

“True” melanin

A

Eumelanin

*Brown-Black colors

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38
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

in the matrix of the bulb

39
Q

Dark hair is caused by:

A

lots of melanin

40
Q

Blonde hair color is due to the presence of

A

Sulfur

41
Q

Red hair color is due to the presence of

A

Iron

42
Q

Not the “true” melanin

A

Phenomelanin

43
Q

Four major types of glands:

A
  • subaceous
  • eccrine
  • apocrine
  • ceruminous
44
Q
  • simple, branched, acinar gland
  • everywhere except palms and soles
  • secretes sebum
A

sebaceous glands

45
Q
  • sweat glands that empty their contents onto the skin surface via pores and hair follicles
  • exist as eccrine and appocrine
  • originate in dermis or hypodermis
A

Suderiferous Glands

46
Q

Two types of suderiferous glands:

A
  • appocrine

- eccrine

47
Q
  • Simple, coiled, tubular glands

- produce swear (mostly water, salts, and urea)

A

Eccrine Gland

48
Q
  • Simple, coiled, tubular gland
  • produces protein and lipid rich secretions
  • Found in axillary and groin region
A

Apocrine Gland

49
Q

Category 1, type 1:

A

Sebaceous Glands

50
Q

Category 2:

A

Suderiferous

51
Q

Type 2:

A

Eccrine

52
Q

Type 3:

A

Appocrin

53
Q

Type 4:

A

Ceruminus

54
Q
  • modified glands of the external ear

- secrete earwax/cerumen

A

Ceruminous

55
Q
  • Functional only in women

- Are modified sweat glands in men

A

Mammary Glands

56
Q

Tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells:

A

nails

57
Q

Parts of nails:

A
  • Nail body
  • Free edge
  • Nail root
  • Lanula
58
Q

What type of skin is right underneath the nail?

A

epidermis (blood vessel)

59
Q

Homeostatic regulation of body temp:

A

Thermoregulation

60
Q

Pessure and temperature

A

Cutaneous Sensations

61
Q

sense deep pressure

A

Pacinian corpulses

62
Q

sense light touch

A

Meisner’s corpulses

63
Q
  • in the stratum spinosum

- immunity

A

Langernans cells

64
Q

Functions of the skin:

A
  • Protection

- Excretion and absorption

65
Q

protection from harmful UV rays:

A

pigments

66
Q

Skin absorbs what kind of substances

A

hydrophobic

*Ex: Vitamins A, E, D, and K

67
Q

Precursors to vitamin D are synthesized when the skin is:

A

exposed to UV radiation

68
Q

Active form of Vitamin D

A

Calcitrol

69
Q

Aids in the absorption of Ca++ from the small intestines

A

Calcitrol

70
Q

Two types of wound healing:

A
  • Epidermal wound healing (superficial)

- Deep wound healing

71
Q

occurs when a wound extends into the dermis or subcutaneous area

A

Deep Wound Healing

72
Q
  • epidermis

- superficial partial-thickness

A

First Degree Burn

73
Q
  • Epidermis and section of dermis

- deep partial-thickness

A

Second degree burn

74
Q

-full-thickness

A

Third Degree Burn

75
Q

tissue grafted from one area of a patient’s body to another

A

Autograft

76
Q

various “skin substitutes”

A

Allograft

77
Q

What do scar creams do?

A

help inhibit the production of collagen fibers

78
Q

Due to an overproduction of collagen fibers where a wound was healed

A

Hypertrophic Scar

79
Q

Kind of scar that does not extend beyond the boundaries of a wound

A

Hypertrophic Scar

80
Q
  • Over-growth of collagen fibers

- Extends beyond the boundaries of the would

A

Keloid Scar

81
Q

The three tissues layers seen in the early embryo

A

the primary germ layers

82
Q

8 weeks after fertilization, the cells are

A

simple, cuboidal (but become flattened)

83
Q

Fetal cells arise from the ____

A

ectoderm

84
Q

11 weeks after fertilization, the dermis is formed form the ____

A

mesoderm

85
Q

hair follicles form

A

9-12 weeks after fertilization

86
Q

fine hair

A

lanugo

87
Q

Lanugo can be seen at:

A

5 or 6 months after fertilization

88
Q

sudoriferous glands form ____

A

20 weeks after fertilization

89
Q

mix of deep epidermal cell secretions from the sebaceous glands, and dead hair cells

A

vernix caseous

90
Q

vernix caseous forms:

A

6 months

91
Q

Amniotic Fluid is mostly

A

urine

92
Q

As we age, collagen fibers:

A

stiffen, decrease in number, and break

93
Q

As we age, elastic fibers:

A

lose elasticity and clump

94
Q

As we age:

A
  • sweat production diminishes
  • melanocytes begin to dwindle
  • subcutaneous fat is lost
  • skin is thinner and harder to heal

BIO 141 Lecture (8 decks)

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