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Biology > The Skeleton / Muscles > Flashcards

The Skeleton / Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Skelton: support

A

Provides ridges framework (holds body upright)

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2
Q

Functions of the skeleton: protection

A

Skull protects the brain, vertebrae protects the spinal cord, ribs protect heart and lungs

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3
Q

Functions of skeleton: movement

A

Rigid levers for muscles

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4
Q

Functions of the skeleton: shape

A

Long bones - tall, bones in feet determine width of the foot

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5
Q

Function of the skeleton: Manufacture of blood components

A

Bone marrow makes red and white blood cells + platelets

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6
Q

Axial Skelton

A

Skull, spine, ribs, sternum

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7
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Limbs (arms and legs), Pectoral (shoulder) girdle, pelvic girdle (hip)

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8
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Collarbone (clavicle) and shoulder blade (scapula)

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9
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Two halves of the hip joined to the sacrum

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10
Q

Pentadactyl limbs

A

Arms and legs - each limb ends in 5 digits

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11
Q

Fetal skull

A

Large in comparison to the infant’s total body length

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12
Q

Spine

A

33 bones (vertebrae)
Top 24 held by ligaments (move slightly)
Separated by discs

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13
Q

Bones of spine : cervical

A

7 - Neck

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14
Q

Bones of spine - thoracic

A

12 - chest

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15
Q

Bones of spine : Lumbar

A

5 - Back

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16
Q

Bones of spine : Sacrum

A

5 - Hip

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17
Q

Bones of spine : Coccyx

A

4 - tail

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18
Q

TS of Vertebra : neural spine

A

Muscular attachment

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19
Q

TS of Vertebra : transverse process

A

Muscular attachment

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20
Q

TS of Vertebra: neural canal

A

Contains the spinal cord

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21
Q

TS of Vertebra: Centrum

A

Gives strength

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22
Q

TS of Vertebra: Facet

A

Where next vertebra rotates against

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23
Q

True ribs

A

1 to 7 (attach directly to sternum)

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24
Q

False ribs

A

Ribs 8, 9, 10 (attached to each other by cartilage -front of chest)

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25
Q

Floating ribs

A

Ribs 11 to 12 (only attached to spine)

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26
Q

Cartilage : made of

A

Fibrous protein

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27
Q

Cartilage : behaves

A

String but flexible

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28
Q

Cartilage : function

A

Acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction between bones

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29
Q

Cartilage : where

A

Ear, nose, C - shaped rings (trachea), end of bones

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30
Q

Cartilage : other

A

No blood vessels (heeling) / nerves (feeling)

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31
Q

Cartilage

A

Tough elastic tissue, mostly converted to bone in adults (A.K.A Gristle)

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32
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Produced in moveable joints to lubricate and reduce friction

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33
Q

Structure of long bone (External)

A

Consists of : Epiphysis, cartilage, periosteum, Diaphysis, Epiphysis

34
Q

Structure of Long Bone (Internal)

A

Consists of : Cartilage, compact bone (hard bone), spongy bone , red marrow, yellow marrow, medullary cavity (hollow)

35
Q

Compact bone : functions

A

Calcium salts (bone strength)
Protein (bone flexibility)

36
Q

Spongy bone : function

A

Makes blood cells and gives strength and rigidity to the skeleton

37
Q

Compact bone : contain blood vessels

A

To provide nutrients

38
Q

Compact bone contain : nerves

A

Run throughout a bone

39
Q

Where is compact bone found

A

The shaft (diaphysis) and as a layer around the end of a bone (epiphysis)
70% calcium phosphate and 30% collagen

40
Q

Spongy bone : consists of

A

Bony bars

41
Q

Spongy bone have spaces filled with :

A

Red bone marrow (produces red blood cells)

42
Q

Where is spongy bone found ?

A

Mostly in the ends of the bones (epiphysis)

43
Q

Medullary cavity : location/ description

A

Diaphysis (shaft)
Contains bone marrow

44
Q

Medullary Cavity : function

A

Red bone marrow (young bones)
Yellow bone marrow (fat rich ) - adult

45
Q

Cartilage: location/description

A

The links of the ear, nose, trachea, in the discs between the vertebrae - and the ends of bones (epiphysis)

46
Q

Epiphysis : location/ description

A

Head of bone (end of bone)

47
Q

Periosteum : location/ description

A

Found on the epiphysis

48
Q

Periosteum : function

A

A membrane that encloses long bones such as the femur

49
Q

Diaphysis : location/ function

A

The long shaft of a bone

50
Q

Diaphysis : function

A

Contains the medullary cavity

51
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone - forming cells

52
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A

Produce collagen (protein)

53
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of protein (collagen) from bone causing brittle bones

54
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Loss of minerals (calcium) from bone due to lack of vitamin D

55
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone - digesting cells

56
Q

What is a growth plate ?

A

The area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis in a long bone within which bone growth occurs

57
Q

Ossified

A

When cartilage is continually formed and turned into bone

58
Q

Joints

A

Where 2 or more bones meet

59
Q

Fixed joints

A

Slightly moveable and freely moveable (synovial)

60
Q

Synovial joints

A

Cartilage, ligaments, synovial membrane, synovial fluid (lubricate and reduce friction)

61
Q

Example of ball and socket joint

A

Hip joint and shoulder joint
(All directions - unable to support heavy loads)

62
Q

Hinge joint

A

Moves in one direction (support heavy loads)

63
Q

Ligaments

A

Strong, fibrous, slightly elastic tissues that connect bone to bone

64
Q

What is a growth plate made of

A

Cartilage

65
Q

What happens in a growth plate

A

Cartilage made and turned to bone (ossified) by osteoblasts

66
Q

What happens to a growth plate when a person is fully grown ?

A

It stops functioning

67
Q

Antagonistic pair

A

Two muscles that have opposite effects to each other

68
Q

Tendons

A

Strong, flexible, inelastic fibres that connect muscle to bone

69
Q

Osteoarthritis arthritis

A

Degenerative

70
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune disease

71
Q

Carpal

A

Bones in the wrist

72
Q

Tarsal

A

Bones in the ankle or heel

73
Q

Biceps

A

(muscle) Contracts to bend arm/(muscle) at front of humerous (upper arm)

74
Q

Triceps

A

(muscle) connects to straighten arm/(muscle) at back of humerous

75
Q

Vertebral column regions

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal (Coccyx)

76
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Stores fat and converts to red marrow

77
Q

Red marrow

A

Produces blood cells

78
Q

Muscle

A

Tissues that can connect (requires energy) (ATP) - mitochondria

79
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Involuntary (or conscious control) (striped) Contract quickly, tire easily

80
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary (conscious control) (unstriped) Contract slowly, slow to tire

81
Q

Cardiac (heart) muscle

A

Heart does not tire - involuntary (not under conscious control)

82
Q

Example of antagonistic pair of muscles

A

Biceps and triceps

Biology (34 decks)

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