The Skeletal System: Lecture 13 Flashcards
components of the skeletal system
bones, cartilages and ligaments
cartilage
covers most joints in adults, forerunner for bone tissue
ligaments
hold bones together at joints (articulations)
bone
mineralized CT, blood, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose, nervous and fibrous connective tissues
skeletal cartilages
hyaline: articular, costal, respiratory, nasal
elastic: ears, epiglottis
fibrocartilage: vertebral discs, knee menisci
axial skeleton bones
(80+7 associated)
skull- 22
vertebral column- 33
thoracic cage- 25
auditory ossicles- 6
hyoid bone- 1
appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdles- 4
upper limbs- 60
hip bones- 2
lower limbs- 60
bone variations
newborns- 270 bones
sesamoid bones
sutural bones
types of bone markings
depressions, openings, projections
depressions
space for nerves and blood vessels, shaped for articulations
facet, fossa, fovea, groove
openings
enclose delicate structures, allow passage to marrow
canal, fissure, foramen
projections
sites for ligament or tendon attachment, shaped for articulation
condyle, crest, heat, tubercle, process, protuberance, trochanter, line
skull features
cranial cavity, orbits, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, oral cavity
cranial bones
parietal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, frontal
facial bones
vomer, inferior nasal concha, nasal, mandible, maxilla, palantine, zygomatic, lacrimal
orbital bones
ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, lacrimal, maxilla, palatine
paranasal sinus bones
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla
skull sutures
lambdoid, coronal, squamous, sagittal
lambdoid suture
parietal and occipital
coronal suture
frontal and parietal
squamous suture
parietal and temporal
sagittal suture
parietal and parietal
fetal skull
fontanels: skull areas where intramembranous ossification in not yet complete
unfused sutures: skull lines between or within developing bones
axial accessory bones
hyoid, middle ear ossicles
middle ear ossicles
malleus x2, incus x2, stapes x2
vertebral column
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused sacrum), 3-5 coccygeal
scoliosis
lateral curvatures
lordosis
swayback; exaggerated cervical and lumbar curvatures
kyphosis
hunchback; exaggeration of thoracic curvature
texting neck
increased force on head from head tilt
intervertebral discs
fibrocartilage pad between bodies of adjacent vertebrae; absorbs shock and binds vertebral column together; nucleus pulposus surrounded by anulus fibrosus
nucleolus pulposus
soft, inner jelly-like substance; resilient shock absorber
anulus fibrosus
outer ring of fibrocartilage; contains nucleus pulposus; joins adjacent vertebrate
thoracic cage
1-7: true ribs
8-10: vertebrochondral (false) ribs
11-12: floating ribs
sternum: manubrium, body, xiphoid process
bone deposition
osteoblasts; secrete collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins calcium ion vesicles
compression, tension, testosterone, calcitonin
bone resorption
osteoclasts; secrete hydrogen ions, enzymes
sedentary lifestyle, pressure, parathyroid hormone
calcium homeostasis
negative feedback loop
low blood calcium: parathyroid hormone, resorption
high blood calcium: calcitonin, deposition
simple fractures
skin and tissue around fracture remain intact
compound fractures
skin and tissues around fracture are damaged
spiral fractures
resulting from twisting forces
comminuted fractures
bone is shattered into multiple fragments
greenstick fractures
bone breaks on one side, bends on the other
compression fractures
bone is crushed under the weight it is meant to support; elderly/reduced bone mass
avulsion fractures
tendon or ligament pulls off a fragment of bone
epiphyseal plate fractures
involves part of the epiphyseal plate; may afect bone growth
bone repair
hematome-> soft callus-> hard callus-> primary bone-> secondary bone
