Organic Macromolecules: Lecture 4

Question 1

organic compounds

Answer 1

always contain C and H, usually O and N, sometimes S and P

Question 2

functional groups

Answer 2

hydroxyl- OH
methyl -CH3
carboxyl -COOH
phosphate -H2PO4
amino -NH2

Question 3

monomer

Answer 3

single units (micromolecules) that make up a macromolecule

Question 4

polymer

Answer 4

multiple units of monomers attached to each other

Question 5

dehydration synthesis

Answer 5

anabolic reaction in which two monomers are linked by a covalent bond and a water molecule is formed

Question 6

hydrolysis

Answer 6

catabolic reaction in which the covalent bond linking the monomers is broken by the addition of water molecule atoms

Question 7

carbohydrates

Answer 7

structure: hydrocarbon ring
monomer: monosaccharide
function: energy (glucose)
glycosidic bond between monomers

Question 8

lipids

Answer 8

structure: phospholipid head, two fatty acid tails
monomer: fatty acids
polymer: triglycerides
function: main component of cell membranes, cushioning, insulation

Question 9

saturated fatty acids

Answer 9

solid at room temp; no double bonds between carbon atoms

Question 10

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 10

liquid at room temp; one or more double bond between carbons (bent tail)

Question 11

phospholipids

Answer 11

glycerol backbone; two fatty acid tails, one phosphate head

Question 12

amphiphilic

Answer 12

molecule with a polar group and a nonpolar group

Question 13

steroids

Answer 13

nonpolar; share a four-ring hydrocarbon structure called steroid nucleus

Question 14

cholesterol

Answer 14

steroid that forms basis for all other steroids

Question 15

proteins

Answer 15

structure: amino acids joined by peptide bonds; folded
function: regulation (chemical messengers), movement, catalysis, structure, transport, immune defense

Question 16

glycogen

Answer 16

storage polymer of glucose; liver, muscles, brain, uterus, vagina

Question 17

fatty acid

Answer 17

energy molecules and building blocks for polymers

Question 18

steroid

Answer 18

cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen

Question 19

triglyceride

Answer 19

storage of fatty acid; building block of phospholipids

Question 20

phospholipid

Answer 20

major cell membrane component

Question 21

globular proteins

Answer 21

enzymes, transport, cell messaging

Question 22

fibrous proteins

Answer 22

structural/mechanical strength

Question 23

DNA

Answer 23

hereditary material, genes; double helix

Question 24

RNA

Answer 24

single strand; transcription and translation (making proteins)

Question 25

nucleotides

Answer 25

nitrogenous bases; purines and pyrimidines

Question 26

purines

Answer 26

double ringed; adenine and guanine

Question 27

pyrimidines

Answer 27

single ringed; cytosine, uracil, thymine

Question 28

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 28

main source of chemical energy in the body; highly exergonic hydrolysis
continuously replenished
requires oxygen

Question 29

nucleic acids

Answer 29

structure: nitrogenous base in a single or double helix
function: energy, information storage, information retrieval

Question 30

genes

Answer 30

code for protein synthesis

Question 31

transcription

Answer 31

RNA copies recipe for specific protein

Question 32

translation

Answer 32

RNA exits nucleus to protein synthesis location; directs making of protein

Question 33

primary protein

Answer 33

sequence of amino acids

Question 34

secondary protein

Answer 34

amino acid chains in helices or sheets

Question 35

tertiary protein

Answer 35

folding proteins into fibrous or globular shapes

Question 36

quaternary protein

Answer 36

2 or more polypeptide chains

Question 37

denaturation

Answer 37

destroying proteins shape by heat, pH changes, or exposure to chemicals
disrupts hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions that stabilize structure and function