Core Principle: Lecture 1 Flashcards
anatomy
study of the structure of body parts and their relation to each other
physiology
function of body parts
8 characteristics of life
- homeostasis
- organization
- metabolism
- growth and development
- adaptation
- response to stimuli
- reproduction
- universal genetic code
homeostasis
maintaining a stable internal environment as external conditions vary
organization
living things made up of units (cells)
metabolism
combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up (anabolism) or breaks down (catabolism) materials as it carries out its life processes
growth and development
increase in size; cell division and differentiation
adaptation
living things evolve or have the capacity to evolve
response to stimuli
detect and respond to signals from their internal or external environment
reproduction
sexual and asexual reproduction
universal genetic code
directions for inheritance (DNA) is basically the same for all organisms
levels of organization
chemical -> cellular -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism
tissues
groups of similar cells that share a common function; muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial
organ
two or more tissues working together to accomplish a function
stomach tissue ex.
nervous- production of acids that aid in digestion; signal full
epithelial- line the stomach
muscle- break up stomach contents
connective- blood and collagen in stomach wall
organ systems
organs work in tandem to accomplish a complex function
integumentary
skin, hair, nails (protective)
muscular
move your bones
skeletal
provide a frame to support and protect body parts
cardiovascular
pumps blood through body
respiratory
absorb oxygen, release CO2
urinary
removes waste from blood, regulates body’s fluids
reproductive (male)
produces and delivers sperm
reproductive (female)
produces egg; nourishes and shelter unborn fetus
nervous
receive and send electrical messages throughout the body
lymphatic
returns leaked fluids to blood vessels; gets rid of germs
digestive
breaks down food; absorbs nutrients
endocrine
regulate body functions by sending out chemical messengers
internal environment
determined by physiological variables: temp, pH, blood glucose, osmotic balance. blood O2/CO2, calcium
feedback systems
monitor changes/maintain homeostasis
1. sensor: detect changes; signal control center
2. control center: sets range of values; signal effectors
3. effector: responds to signal to effect change
homeostatic imbalances
disturbances in homeostasis; can lead to death or disease
negative feedback loops
return regulated variables to within ‘normal’ range of values; reduce output, ends when returns to normal
positive feedback loops
increase/reinforce initial stimulus on regulated variable; increases output to definitive cut-off point
structure and function core principle
form follows function at all levels of organization
gradient core principle
gradients drive physiology
cell-cell communication core principle
cells are required to communicate to coordinate body functions
chemical signaling
release of hormones/chemicals to communicate to adjacent or distant cells
electrical signaling
nerve cells communicating directly with adjacent cells
