Cytoskeleton and Organelles: Lecture 6 Flashcards
cytosol
semifluid gel material inside the cell
centrioles
microtubular structures involved in cell division
cytoskeleton
structural framework of the cell
secretory vesicle
membrane-bound shipping container
plasma membrane
controls movement of materials into and out of cell
nucleus
contains genetic information; centrally located and stains darkly; bound by nuclear envelope
chromatin
unspooled DNA
nuclear envelope
binds nucleus; has nuclear pores- allow passage of ribosomal subunits
nucleolus
produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
mitochrondrion
powerplant of the cell (ATP synthesis); has a double membrane- inner membrane forms folds (cristae); has specific DNA
endosymbiotic theory
prokaryotic cells engulfed other prokaryotic cell by endocytosis resulting the the first eukaryotic cells
mitochondrial DNA
passed on from the mother to her children; a mitochondrial DNA test tells you where your maternal ancestors come from
ribosomes
specialized for protein synthesis; large and small protein subunits- free in cytosol or bound to rough ER and nuclear membrane
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
network of cisternae (tubules) continuous with outer nuclear membrane
rough ER
studded with ribosomes; location for protein folding and membrane factory
smooth ER
no ribosomes; calcium ion storage, detoxification reactions, lipid synthesis
golgi apparatus
small system of cisternae where proteins and lipids are modified, sorted, and packaged for export; synthesizes carbohydrates
peroxisome
produced by rough ER; oxidizes toxic substances, breaks down fatty acids
lysosome
produced by golgi; contain acid hydrolases to digest bacteria and worn out cell components
endomembrane system
group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins; RER and SER, peroxisomes, lysosomes, plasma membrane
function of cytoskeleton
gives shape and size, provides structural support, perform specialized functions, allow for movement of whole cells and organelles
3 types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
microfilaments
(actin) form terminal web; extend into microvilli
intermediate filaments
(various proteins) give cell shape, structural role
microtubules
(tubulin) radiate from centrosomes, hold organelles in place, railway tracks for organelle movement, axonemes
centrosome
microtubules extend from/microtubule organization center
centrioles
ring of nine groups of three modified microtubules critical for cellular division
basal bodies
modified microtubules on internal surface of plasma membrane where flagella and cilia originate
cellular extensions
microvilli, cilia, flagellum, pseudopods
microvilli
plasma membrane extensions, increase absorptive surface, actin filaments connected to terminal web
-intestinal epithelia, kidney tubules
primary cilia
every human cell has one; cell sensory function- monitors surrounding conditions
-kidney primary cilia monitor fluid flow
motile cilia
must beat in a non-viscous saline solution
cystic fibrosis
some cells are missing protein component of chloride ion channel causing deficient chloride ion transport in lungs, digestive, and integumentary systems resulting in abnormally thick mucus
-blocks airways, causes digestive enzyme deficiencies , and very salty sweat
-no saline layer for cilia to beat in
flagella
only found in sperm cells in human; identical axoneme to secondary cilia- much longer and stiffer, move in whip-like manner
pseudopods
cytoplasm filled extensions of cell surface, used by macrophages
-constantly appearing/retracting
-assembling/disassembling actin protein scaffolds
