Matter, Energy & Bonds: Lecture 2

Question 1

subatomic particles

Answer 1

protons, neutrons, electrons

Question 2

atomic mass

Answer 2

n(protons)+n(neutrons)

Question 3

electron shells

Answer 3

regions surrounding atomic nucleus where electrons exist; holds a certain number of electrons

Question 4

element

Answer 4

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

Question 5

isotopes

Answer 5

atoms that differ only in the number of neutrons/mass

Question 6

radioisotopes

Answer 6

physically unstable isotopes that decay over time; emit energy as nuclear radiation

Question 7

types of radioactive isotopes

Answer 7

alpha- low penetrance
beta- low penetrance
gamma- high penetrance
-all produce dangerous ions and free radicals

Question 8

applications of radioisotopes

Answer 8

cancer radiation therapy, radiotracers, treatment of thyroid disorders

Question 9

iodine-123, 125, 131

Answer 9

used to treat overactive or cancerous thyroid tissue; diagnose thyroid disorders

Question 10

gallium-67

Answer 10

used in medical diagnosis

Question 11

solutions

Answer 11

two or more components; extremely small, will not settle
solute (dissolved), solvent (dissolves)

Question 12

suspension

Answer 12

mixture containing two or more components; large, unevenly distributed, will settle

Question 13

colloids

Answer 13

two more more components; small, evenly distributed- will not settle

Question 14

molecule

Answer 14

chemical bonding between two or more atoms of the same element

Question 15

compound

Answer 15

two or more atoms from different elements combine by chemical binding

Question 16

octet rule

Answer 16

atom is most stable when it has 8 atoms in its outermost valence shell

Question 17

duet rule

Answer 17

atoms with 5 or fewer electrons most stable when ve- shell holds 2 electrons

Question 18

ions

Answer 18

charged particles; unequal number of protons and electrons

Question 19

ionization

Answer 19

-atoms with <4 ve- give them up (cations)
-atoms with >3 and <8 ve- gain more (anions)

Question 20

electrolytes

Answer 20

anions and cations that are separable; can ionize (conduct electricity) in water

Question 21

ionic bonds

Answer 21

transfer of electrons between atoms

Question 22

non-polar covalent bonds

Answer 22

equal sharing of electrons (STRONGEST)

Question 23

polar covalent bonds

Answer 23

unequal sharing of electrons

Question 24

hydrogen bonds

Answer 24

attractions between polar molecules

Question 25

Van der Waal's forces

Answer 25

weak attractions between non polar molecules