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Science for Paramedics > The Skeletal system > Flashcards

The Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organic components of osseous tissue matrices?

A

Water (25%), extracellular fibres (25%), inorganic salts (50%)

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2
Q

Where does bone get it’s durability?

A

The deposition of calcium salts in the matrix

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3
Q

How many bones does an adult human contain?

A

206

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4
Q

What are the main functions of bone?

A

Protection
Movement
Support

Bone marrow
Storage

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5
Q

What are the 5 classifications of bone shape?

A

Short, long, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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6
Q

What are long bones specially used for?

A

Lever action in conjunction with muscles

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7
Q

What are short bones specially used for?

A

Areas where limited movement is required

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8
Q

What are flat bones especially used for?

A

Protection of soft tissues and providing large attachment sites for muscles

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9
Q

What are sesamoid bones especially for?

A

Areas where there is considerable tension or stress, they protect tendons from excessive wear and tear

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10
Q

What is component X?

A

Diaphysis

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11
Q

What are the components X?

A

Metaphysis

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12
Q

What are components X?

A

Epiphysis (Proximal/distal)

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13
Q

What are components X?

A

Articular cartilage

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14
Q

What is component A?

A

Spongy/cancellous bone

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15
Q

What is component B?

A

Epiphyseal line (Growth plate)

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16
Q

What is component C?

A

Red bone marrow

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17
Q

What is component D?

A

Endosteum

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18
Q

What is component E?

A

Compact/cortical bone

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19
Q

What is yellow bone marrow mostly made of?

A

Fat

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20
Q

What does red bone marrow produce?

A

Red blood cells

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21
Q

How does the epiphyseal plate change with growth?

A

It starts as a layer of hyaline cartilage which allows the bone to grow in length. After adulthood when growth stops this layer is changed to bone

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22
Q

What is the periosteum and it’s functions?

A

A layer covering the outside of the bone that isolates the bone from surrounding tissues and plays a role in the growth and repair of bones

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23
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

The inner surface of bone

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24
Q

When is the endosteum active?

A

During growth of the bone

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25
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The long tubular mid section of long bones

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26
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

The hollow centre of the bone containing yellow bone marrow

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27
Q

What are epiphyses?

A

The expanded ends of long bone

28
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

An area in a mature long bone where the epiphysis joins the diaphysis

29
Q

What does the periosteum consist of?

A

An outer fibrous layer and an inner osteogenic layer

30
Q

What forms the outer layer of all bones?

A

Compact/cortical bone

31
Q

What gives compact/cortical bone its definitive hardness and strength?

A

It has a strong calcified bony matrix, filled with organic ground substance leaving only tiny spaces inbetween.

Theses small spaces contain the osteocytes and are connected to each other by tiny channels called canaliculi.

32
Q

What are the tiny gaps in compact bone that contain osteocytes?

A

Lacunae

33
Q

What percentage of the human skeleton is compact/cortical bone?

A

80%

34
Q

How is compact/cortical bone structured?

A

Many cylindrical units called osteons surrounded by interstitial lamallae and outer circumferential lamallae

35
Q

What is the structure of an osteon?

A

Concentric layers called lamellae around a longitudinal central (Haversian) canal containing blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels. Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals branch off of the central canal at right angles spreading vessels and nerves outward and inward

36
Q

What is the structure of spongy/cancellous bone?

A

Lamellae arranged in needle-like threads of bones called trabeculae which contain osteocytes in lacunae. The spaces in between these trabeculae are filled with bone marrow.

37
Q

What is the upper arm bone?

A

Humerus

38
Q

What are the lower arm bones?

A

Ulna and radius

39
Q

What is the thicker of the lower arm bones?

A

Radius

40
Q

What bones form the heel of your hand?

A

Carpals

41
Q

What bones form the palms of the hands?

A

Metacarpals

42
Q

What bones form the fingers?

A

Phalanges

43
Q

What is the upper leg bone?

A

Femur

44
Q

What is the knee capbone called?

A

Patella

45
Q

What are the lower leg bones?

A

Tibia and fibia

46
Q

What is the larger of the lower leg bones?

A

Tibia

47
Q

What is the shoulder blade bone called?

A

Scapula

48
Q

What is the collar bone called?

A

Clavicle

49
Q

What is the ankle bone called?

A

Talus

50
Q

What is the heel bone?

A

Calcaneus

51
Q

What bones form the midfoot and hind foot?

A

Metatarsals and tarsals

52
Q

What bones form the forefoot?

A

Metatarsals and phalanges

53
Q

What are the two divisions of the skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

54
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

The head and trunk of the body including the skull, hyoid bone, chest and spine

55
Q

What are the main bones of the skull?

A

Frontal
Nasal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Mandible
Sphenoid
Parietal
Temporal
Occupital

56
Q

What are the 5 sections of the spine and how many vertebrae are in each?

A

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccyx (Fused section)

57
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Red bone marrow helps produce blood cells (RBC, leukocytes and platelets).
Yellow bone marrow helps store fat. (Yellow bone marrow also contains mesenchymal stem cells. These are cells that can develop into bone, fat, cartilage, or muscle cells.)

58
Q

Do adult bones contain mostly red or yellow bone marrow, why?

A

Most bones in an adult body contain yellow bone marrow because yellow bone marrow starts to replace red bone marrow over time.

59
Q

Which two minerals make up the majority of bone structure?

A

Calcium carbonates
Calcium phosphates

60
Q

What is ossification?

A

Bone formation

61
Q

What is the basic process of intramembranous ossification?

A

Mesodermal cells are transformed into osteoblasts which secrete osteoid which becomes calcified

62
Q

What is the basic process of endochondral ossification?

A

Mesodermal cells differentiate into cartilage cells, the bones are initially formed from this

63
Q

What is the ‘Growth plate’?

A

During ossification there is actively growing cartilage between the shaft of a long bone & the epiphysis this is called the epiphyseal plate or ‘growth plate’.

64
Q

For how long into life are bones developing?

A

Bones continue to grow in length and thickness into adolescence.

65
Q

What is non-traumatic bone remodelling and what is required for it?

A

Bones constantly repairing themselves. - Under normal daily stresses bones develop micro fractures and are repaired.

Vit D, calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone & various steroid hormones are required for this to continue.

Science for Paramedics (18 decks)

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