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Science for Paramedics > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the lipid bilayer?

A

Two tail to tail later of lipid molecules that form the plasma membrane

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2
Q

What three types of lipids are present in the lipid bilayer and at what distribution?

A

Phospholipids, contain phosphorus (≈75%)

Cholesterol, a steroid with an attached hydroxl (≈20%)

Glycolipids, lipids attached to carbohydrate groups (≈5%)

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3
Q

What are amphipathic molecules?

A

Molecules with polar and non polar parts

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4
Q

What parts of phospholipids are polar and non-polar?

A

Polar phosphate containing heads

Non-polar fatty acid tails

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5
Q

What are integral membrane proteins?

A

Proteins that extend through the lipid bilayer and are strongly embedded in them

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6
Q

Are integral membrane proteins amphipathic and non-amphipathic?

A

Amphipathic

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7
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Proteins not firmly embedded in the membrane. They associate loosely with the integral membrane proteins and lipids

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8
Q

What are the main functions of membrane proteins?

A

Immunological roles
Acting as receptors for hormones and other chemical messengers
Acting as enzymes
Substance transport across the membrane

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9
Q

What are the types of passive transport across the cell membrane?

A

Simple diffusion (lipid soluble materials)
Channel mediated-facilitated diffusion (water soluble materials)
Carrier mediated-facilitated diffusion (materials unable to diffuse unaided)

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10
Q

What are the two forms of active transport?

A

Pumps (sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium ions etc.)
Transport in vesicles (proteins, enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters etc.)

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11
Q

What are the two forms of vesicular transport?

A

Endocytosis - in
Exocytosis - out

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12
Q

What proportion of the cell volume is formed by the cytosol?

A

55%

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13
Q

What is the make up of cytosol?

A

Water (75-90%)
Disolved and suspended components such as:
Ions
Glucose
Amino acids
Proteins
Lipids
ATP
Waste products

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14
Q

What 3 protein filaments make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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15
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Maintains cell shape and general organisation
Cell movement

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16
Q

What is this organelle and its function?

A

Centrosome (A pair of centrioles and surrounding pericentriolar material)

Contains tubulins which are used to form mitotic spindles which move chromosomes during cell division

17
Q

What is this organelle and its function?

A

Cilia, moves extracellular fluids

18
Q

What is this organelle and its function?

A

Flagella, moves the cell itself

19
Q

What is this organelle and its function?

A

Ribosome, synthesises proteins from amino acids using mRNA. Can be either free or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

20
Q

What is this organelle and its function?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, rough (attached to ribosomes and nuclear envelope) and smooth (branches off from rough).

Rough ER: synthesises glycoproteins and phospholipids
Smooth ER: synthesises fatty acids and steroids, inactivates drugs and releases Ca++ in muscle cells

21
Q

What is this organelle and its function?

A

Golgi apparatus (Entry face, medial cisternae and exit face). Transports modifies and packages lipids and proteins from the ER into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations

22
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A vesicle that contains digestive enzymes

23
Q

What is a peroxisome?

A

A vesicle that contains oxidases and catalase

24
Q

What is the purpose of peroxisomes?

A

Oxidises amino acids and fatty acids
Deactivates toxic material (e.g. alcohol or hydrogen peroxide)

25
Q

What is this organelle and its function?

A

Mitochondrion containing a large folded membrane full with enzymes. It synthesises ATP - site for aerobic respiration

26
Q

What’s the structure of the nuclear envelope?

A

Double membrane, both lipid bilayers.

27
Q

Which layer of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the rough ER?

A

The outer later

28
Q

What is the purpose of nuclear pores?

A

Controlling substance movement between the nucleus and cytoplasm

29
Q

What molecules can pass through nuclear pores passively?

A

Small molecules and ions

30
Q

What molecules must pass through nuclear pores by active process?

A

Large molecules such as RNA and proteins

31
Q

Where are ribosomes produced?

A

The nucleoli

32
Q

What are the components of the nucleolus?

A

A cluster protein, DNA and RNA

33
Q

Is the nucleolus enclosed or un-enclosed?

A

Un-enclosed

Science for Paramedics (18 decks)

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