The respitory system

Question 1

How does hypercapnia cause damage?

Answer 1

It can cause hypercapnic acidosis (or respiratory acidosis) interfering with the bloods ability to carry oxygen, it can cause kidney stones, kidney failure, bone disease and delayed growth

Question 2

What is pulmonary respiration?

Answer 2

Breathing, exchange of air between the atmosphere and lungs

Question 3

What is external respiration?

Answer 3

Exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood

Question 4

What is internal respiration?

Answer 4

The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells

Question 5

Which bronchus is straighter and longer

Answer 5

The right

Question 6

Name the components of the respiratory system from the oral and nasal cavities to the alveoli

Answer 6

Oral and nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchus
Segmental bronchus
Bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolus

Question 7

What is the function of the nose?

Answer 7

Warming, filtering and moistening air. Smell. Modifying speech vibrations

Question 8

What is the purpose of the conchae?

Answer 8

Warming, filtering and cleaning air. An increased surface area aids this. Water droplets are trapped and exhaled.

Question 9

What is the structure and function of the nasal mucous membrane?

Answer 9

Contains blood capillaries cilia and goblet cells. Air is warmed by capillaries and moistened by mucous which also traps foreign particles. Cilia push mucus and foreign particles towards the pharynx where they can be swallowed or spat out.

Question 10

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 10

Frontal (centre of brow)
Ethmoid (medial to ethmoid bone)
Maxillary (posterior to maxilla)
Sphenoid (posterior superior of nasal cavity)

Question 11

At what level does the trachea branch into the left and right bronchus?

Answer 11

Level with the 5th thoracic vertebrae

Question 12

What is component A?

Answer 12

Epiglottis

Question 13

What is component B?

Answer 13

Hyoid bone

Question 14

What is component C?

Answer 14

Thyrohyoid membrane

Question 15

What is component D?

Answer 15

Corniculate cartilage

Question 16

What is component E?

Answer 16

Thyroid cartilage

Question 17

What is component F?

Answer 17

Arytenoid catilage

Question 18

What is component G?

Answer 18

Cricothyroid ligament

Question 19

What is component H?

Answer 19

Cricoid cartilage

Question 20

What is component I?

Answer 20

Cricotracheal ligament

Question 21

What is component J?

Answer 21

Thyroid gland

Question 22

What is component K?

Answer 22

Tracheal cartilage

Question 23

What is component A?

Answer 23

Nasal cavity

Question 24

What is component B?

Answer 24

Pharynx

Question 25

What is component C?

Answer 25

Larynx

Question 26

What is component D?

Answer 26

Trachea

Question 27

What is component E?

Answer 27

Primary bronchus

Question 28

What is component F?

Answer 28

Secondary bronchus

Question 29

What is component G?

Answer 29

Segmental bronchus

Question 30

What is component H?

Answer 30

Bronchiole

Question 31

What is component I?

Answer 31

Terminal bronchiole

Question 32

What is component J?

Answer 32

Respiratory bronchiole

Question 33

What is component K?

Answer 33

Alveolar duct

Question 34

What is component L?

Answer 34

Alveolus

Question 35

What is component M?

Answer 35

Alveolar sac

Question 36

What are the four types of tonsils and their locations?

Answer 36

Pharyngeal (rear of nasal cavity) Tubal (side of rear of nasal cavity) Palatine (by fauces) Lingual (behind tongue)

Question 37

How many O2 molecules can each haemoglobin carry?

Answer 37

4

Question 38

What is TLC?

Answer 38

Total lung capacity

Question 39

What is average TLC?

Answer 39

6L

Question 40

What is tidal volume?

Answer 40

The amount of air entering the body in each breath

Question 41

What is the average tidal volume?

Answer 41

500ml

Question 42

How much air remains in anatomical dead space during respiration?

Answer 42

On average 150ml

Question 43

What is inspiratory reserve volume and it's average value?

Answer 43

The additional air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume when taking the deepest possible breath. ≈ 2.5L

Question 44

What percentage of CO2 in the blood is disolved in plasma?

Answer 44

10%

Question 45

What percentage of CO2 in the blood is in the form of Carbamino-haemoglobin compounds?

Answer 45

30%

Question 46

What percentage of CO2 in the blood forms carbonic acid?

Answer 46

60%

Question 47

What is carbonic anhydrase?

Answer 47

An enzyme that helps form carbonic acid from CO2 and water

Question 48

What is carbonic acid changed into?

Answer 48

Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

Question 49

Where do bicarbonate ions move to when they're formed?

Answer 49

The plasma

Question 50

What is normal blood pH?

Answer 50

7.35 - 7.45

Question 51

What is the normal blood CO2 level?

Answer 51

35-45 mmHg

Question 52

What is normal bicarbonate ion blood concentration?

Answer 52

22-26 mEq/L

Question 53

What are the three layers of the pleura?

Answer 53

Visceral pleura (covering each lung) Pleural cavity Parietal pleura (lining chest cavity)

Question 54

How many lobes does each lung have?

Answer 54

Left - 2 (Superior and inferior) Right - 3 (Superior middle and inferior)

Question 55

How many fissures does each lung have?

Answer 55

Left - 1 (Oblique) Right - 2 (Middle and oblique)

Question 56

What is the hilum?

Answer 56

The lung stem, point at which nerves and vessels serving the lungs enter the thoracic cavity

Question 57

What is minute volume?

Answer 57

Volume of air the is inhaled each minute ( MV = Tidal volume x RR