The respitory system Flashcards
How does hypercapnia cause damage?
It can cause hypercapnic acidosis (or respiratory acidosis) interfering with the bloods ability to carry oxygen, it can cause kidney stones, kidney failure, bone disease and delayed growth
What is pulmonary respiration?
Breathing, exchange of air between the atmosphere and lungs
What is external respiration?
Exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood
What is internal respiration?
The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells
Which bronchus is straighter and longer
The right
Name the components of the respiratory system from the oral and nasal cavities to the alveoli
Oral and nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchus
Segmental bronchus
Bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolus
What is the function of the nose?
Warming, filtering and moistening air. Smell. Modifying speech vibrations
What is the purpose of the conchae?
Warming, filtering and cleaning air. An increased surface area aids this. Water droplets are trapped and exhaled.
What is the structure and function of the nasal mucous membrane?
Contains blood capillaries cilia and goblet cells. Air is warmed by capillaries and moistened by mucous which also traps foreign particles. Cilia push mucus and foreign particles towards the pharynx where they can be swallowed or spat out.
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Frontal (centre of brow)
Ethmoid (medial to ethmoid bone)
Maxillary (posterior to maxilla)
Sphenoid (posterior superior of nasal cavity)
At what level does the trachea branch into the left and right bronchus?
Level with the 5th thoracic vertebrae
What is component A?
Epiglottis
What is component B?
Hyoid bone
What is component C?
Thyrohyoid membrane
What is component D?
Corniculate cartilage
What is component E?
Thyroid cartilage
What is component F?
Arytenoid catilage
What is component G?
Cricothyroid ligament
What is component H?
Cricoid cartilage
What is component I?
Cricotracheal ligament
What is component J?
Thyroid gland
What is component K?
Tracheal cartilage
What is component A?
Nasal cavity
What is component B?
Pharynx
What is component C?
Larynx
What is component D?
Trachea
What is component E?
Primary bronchus
What is component F?
Secondary bronchus
What is component G?
Segmental bronchus
What is component H?
Bronchiole
What is component I?
Terminal bronchiole
What is component J?
Respiratory bronchiole
What is component K?
Alveolar duct
What is component L?
Alveolus
What is component M?
Alveolar sac
What are the four types of tonsils and their locations?
Pharyngeal (rear of nasal cavity)
Tubal (side of rear of nasal cavity)
Palatine (by fauces)
Lingual (behind tongue)
How many O2 molecules can each haemoglobin carry?
4
What is TLC?
Total lung capacity
What is average TLC?
6L
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air entering the body in each breath
What is the average tidal volume?
500ml
How much air remains in anatomical dead space during respiration?
On average 150ml
What is inspiratory reserve volume and it’s average value?
The additional air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume when taking the deepest possible breath. ≈ 2.5L
What percentage of CO2 in the blood is disolved in plasma?
10%
What percentage of CO2 in the blood is in the form of Carbamino-haemoglobin compounds?
30%
What percentage of CO2 in the blood forms carbonic acid?
60%
What is carbonic anhydrase?
An enzyme that helps form carbonic acid from CO2 and water
What is carbonic acid changed into?
Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
Where do bicarbonate ions move to when they’re formed?
The plasma
What is normal blood pH?
7.35 - 7.45
What is the normal blood CO2 level?
35-45 mmHg
What is normal bicarbonate ion blood concentration?
22-26 mEq/L
What are the three layers of the pleura?
Visceral pleura (covering each lung)
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura (lining chest cavity)
How many lobes does each lung have?
Left - 2 (Superior and inferior)
Right - 3 (Superior middle and inferior)
How many fissures does each lung have?
Left - 1 (Oblique)
Right - 2 (Middle and oblique)
What is the hilum?
The lung stem, point at which nerves and vessels serving the lungs enter the thoracic cavity
What is minute volume?
Volume of air the is inhaled each minute (
MV = Tidal volume x RR
