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Science for Paramedics > The Immune system > Flashcards

The Immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

How does complement fixation attack foreign cells?

A

Complement proteins are activated when they come in contact with a foreign substance, sequential reactions occur with each protein activating the next until the final protein is added. The final protein causes ruptures in the plasma membrane allowing sodium to quickly diffuse into the cell followed by water causing lysis.

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2
Q

What is the process of the initial inflammatory response?

A

Brief vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation and an increased blood pressure allows the endothelial cells to retract increasing the gaps between them. Leukocytes travel along the vessel wall to the area of injury then pass through the endothelium

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3
Q

How are T cells stimulated?

A

Macrophages identify antigens and process them. It then transports these antigens to sensitised T cells which begin to divide.

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of T cell clones and their functions?

A

Cytotoxic cell - Destroying antigen
Helper - Stimulate T and B cells and enhance the immune response
Memory - Remember initial encounter to appropriately respond if the antigen is re-encountered
Regulatory - inhibit the immune response

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5
Q

What immune response are B cells responsible for?

A

Antibody mediated (humeral) immunity

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6
Q

How many different types of antigens can each B or T cell respond to?

A

One specific type of antigen

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7
Q

How do immature B cells activate?

A

By coming into contact with a matching antigen

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8
Q

How do B cells help immune response?

A

By dividing rapidly into plasma and memory cells

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9
Q

What are the two types of cells activated B cells divide into and their functions?

A

Plasma cells release antibodies to inactivate the invading antigen
Memory cells remain dormant in the lymphatic system until the same antigen again enters the system

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10
Q

What response do antibodies facilitate?

A

Antibody mediated humeral immunity

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11
Q

What is antibody facilitated humeral immunity?

A

When antibodies join with antigens to form antibody-antigen complexes which produce a variety of changes that inactivate or kill invading cells

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12
Q

What functions are produced by antibody mediated humeral immunity?

A

Neutralisation of toxins - the complex integrates the antigen into it detoxifying it
Glutenation of enemy cells - complexes cause agglutination or clumping, facilitating large scale phagocytosis
Release of inflammatory chemicals via mast cells - e.g. histamines that cause vasodilation allowing more phagocytes to reach the injured site

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13
Q

What is the immediate hypersensitivity reaction?

A

The allergic reaction to an allergen.
Activated B cells form plasma cells that secrete IGE antibodies, these antibodies bind to mast cells. More of the allergen enters the system and binds to these antibodies on the exterior of the mast cell causes the mast cells to release histamine and other chemicals that cause systemic affects

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14
Q

What is contact dermatitis?

A

A reaction caused by a delayed allergic response due to repeated exposure over longer periods

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15
Q

What is a disease?

A

A functional abnormality or disfunction. Usually associated with specific signs and symptoms

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16
Q

What are the two types of defence mechanisms and how do they differ?

A

Innate (non-specific): Provides a general response to kill the pathogen, no exact recognition, no specific antibodies

Adaptive (specific): Formation of specific antibodies which recognise and destroy foreign substances A.K.A. the immune response

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17
Q

What are the four main non-specific defence mechanisms?

A

Defence at body surfaces
Phagocytosis
Natural antimicrobial substances
The inflammatory response

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18
Q

What qualities of the skin restrict the growth of pathogens?

A

Acidic surface and high fat content

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19
Q

How do sebum and sweat act as natural barriers?

A

They contain antimicrobial and antifungal substances

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20
Q

What is sebum?

A

An oily substance secreted by your skin that stops from drying out.

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21
Q

How to tears act as a protective response?

A

They physically wash away foreign bodies and contain the enzyme lysozyme which attacks bacteria

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22
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Chemically stimulated movement of phagocytes.

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23
Q

What are the 5 stages of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Adherence
  3. Ingestion
  4. Digestion
  5. Killing
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24
Q

What is phagocytosis adherence?

A

Attachment of the phagocytes to the pathogen.

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25
Q

What is phagocytosis ingestion?

A

The absorption of the pathogen into the phagocyte, the phagocyte extends projections called pseudopods that engulf the pathogen. When the pseudopods meet they fuse surrounding the microbe with a sac called a phagosome

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26
Q

What is phagocytosis digestion and killing?

A

When the ingested phagosome merges with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome. Lysozyme is released digesting the microbial cell wall and killing it

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27
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

An organelle in the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane containing powerful digestive enzymes

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28
Q

What substance destroys the majority of ingested microbes?

A

Hydrochloric acid

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29
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

A protein with antibiotic properties present in granulocytes, tears and other body secretions such as sweat, urine and CSF

30
Q

What are interferons?

A

A type of cytokine produced by T cells and by cells invaded by viruses.

31
Q

What do interferons do?

A

Stimulate infected cells to produce proteins which prevent replication of the virus within them
Signal the immune system

32
Q

What are the 3 main functions of complements?

A

Create fissures in microbe walls
Stimulate phagocytosis
Attract phagocytes into affected or injured areas

33
Q

What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?

A

Isolate, inactivate and remove both the causative agent and damaged tissue so that healing can take place

34
Q

What cell type is involved in immunity?

A

Lymphocytes (T and B cells)

35
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

The bone marrow

36
Q

What is the general structure of lymphocytes?

A

Large singular nucleus with little to no eosinophilic cytoplasm

37
Q

Where are T cells processed?

A

Thymus gland

38
Q

What is the thymus gland?

A

A small lymphatic gland located in the chest

39
Q

What immune response are T cells responsible for?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

40
Q

Where are B cells processed?

A

Bone marrow

41
Q

Where are mature T cells located?

A

Circulating through the blood stream

42
Q

Where are mature B cells located?

A

Fixed in lymphatic tissues

43
Q

What’s the difference between active and passive immunity?

A

Active immunity comes from the production of your own antibodies whereas passive is from antibodies given to you by someone else

44
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

When a second contact with an antigen happens 2-4 weeks after the first, the immune system produces a stronger and longer response

45
Q

What is more potent, active or passive immunity?

A

Active

46
Q

What is naturally acquired passive immunity?

A

Antibodies not made by you by introduced in a natural way e.g. mother to foetus via placenta or by breast milk

47
Q

What is artificially acquired active immunity?

A

Antibodies made by you after an artificially manufactured purposeful contact with antigens i.e. immunisation

48
Q

What is artificially acquired passive immunity?

A

Direct introduction of antibodies not made by you e.g. IV immunoglobulin injection

49
Q

Where can chemokines come from?

A

From invading microbes, injured cells or activated leukocytes

50
Q

What do T cell helper cells do?

A

Stimulate more T and B cells

51
Q

What enhances the thymus gland?

A

Thymosin that it produces.

52
Q

How does the thymus develop throughout a person’s life?

A

Normally developed until and through puberty after which it atrophies and is replaced by fat in later life

53
Q

What antibodies do B cells release that bind to mast cells?

A

IgE antibodies

54
Q

What secretes sebum?

A

Sebaceous glands

55
Q

What enhances phagocytosis adherence?

A

Complement proteins

56
Q

What antibodies are passed from mother to foetus via the placenta?

A

IgG

57
Q

What antibodies are passed from mother to baby via breast milk?

A

IgA

58
Q

Where are T cells activated?

A

On the surface of antigen presenting cells

59
Q

What do myeloblasts develop into?

A

Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes

60
Q

What do macrophages develop from?

A

Monocytes

61
Q

What are neutrophils responsible for?

A

Defending against bacterial and fungal infection and foreign debris

62
Q

When are neutrophils most commonly released?

A

With early acute inflammation

63
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

Inflammatory cells

64
Q

What do eosinophils respond to?

A

Allergic reactions, parasitic invasions and cancer

65
Q

What are basophils responsible for?

A

Histamine release

66
Q

How do cytotoxic t cells kill infected cells?

A

Inducing apoptosis

67
Q

What’s the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Macrophages are specially developed monocytes. Monocytes usually circulate through the blood, when they become resident in tissues they differentiate into macrophages.

68
Q

Are natural killer cells adaptive (specific) or innate (non-specific)?

A

Innate (non-specific)

69
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cytokines are small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells. When released, they signal the immune system to do its job. Cytokines affect the growth of all blood cells and other cells that help the body’s immune and inflammation responses.

70
Q
A

Science for Paramedics (18 decks)

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