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Science for Paramedics > The cardiovascular system > Flashcards

The cardiovascular system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the rough weight of a heart?

A

200-250g

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2
Q

Where does the apex of the heart rest?

A

Superior side of the diaphragm

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3
Q

Where is the mediastinum?

A

Space between the lungs

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4
Q

Where is the heart positioned?

A

In the mediastinum, between the second rib and the 5th intercostal space

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5
Q

On which side is most of the hearts mass ?

A

The left, about 2/3rds

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6
Q

What are the three surfaces of the heart?

A

Inferior, anterior, lateral

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7
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The double layered sac surrounding the heart

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8
Q

What is the outer layer of the pericardium?

A

The fibrous pericardium, dense connective tissue.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the pericardium?

A

Prevent overstretching of the heart, provide protection and anchor it in place

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10
Q

What is the inner part of the pericardium?

A

The serous pericardium, consisting of two layers: parietal and visceral

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11
Q

How do the two layers of the serous pericardium differ?

A

The parietal layer lines the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer which is attached tightly to the heart

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12
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A

The epicardium, the myocardium and the endocardium

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13
Q

What kind of muscle is cardiac?

A

Involuntary striated muscle

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14
Q

What is the structure of the endocardium?

A

Thin layer of squamous epithelial cells overlying a thin layer of connective tissue

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15
Q

How much pericardial fluid is in the pericardium?

A

A few ml

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16
Q

What is the structure of the epicardium?

A

A single layer of flattened cells and delicate connective tissues

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17
Q

What are auricles?

A

Winkled pouch like structures on the anterior sides of each atria that can expand and allow for a slight increase in atrial volume

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18
Q

What are sulci?

A

Grooves on the outside of the heart containing blood vessels and some fat, mark the boundaries of chambers

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19
Q

What are pectinate muscles?

A

Parallel muscular ridges in the anterior wall of the right atrium. May be useful for increasing contraction power

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20
Q

What veins open into the right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Anterior cardiac veins
Venae cordis minimi

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21
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis located and what is it?

A

Interatrial septum, a depression marking the remnant of the foramen ovale (the foetal opening in the interatrial septum, should close soon after birth)

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22
Q

What structures allow the function of atrioventricular heart valves?

A

Trabeculae carneae called papillary muscles connect to chordae tendineae that connect to the valve cusps

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23
Q

Which ventricle has thicker walls and why?

A

The left ventricle because it has to pump blood all round the body whereas the right ventricle only needs to send blood to the lungs

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24
Q

How do the coronary arteries divide?

A

LEFT CORONARY ARTERY:
- Left anterior descending (LAD) coronary branch, or anterior intraventricular branch
- Left circumflex branch

RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY
- Posterior interventricular branch
- Right marginal branch

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25
Q

How do the coronary veins divide?

A

-Great cardiac vein
-Middle cardiac vein
-Small cardiac vein
-Anterior cardiac veins

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26
Q

What is the coronary sinus vein?

A

A large sinus where the great, middle and small coronary veins meet, opens directly into the right atrium

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27
Q

What are positive inotropic agents and some examples?

A

Factors that increase the myocardial contractility e.g. sympathetic stimulation, epinephrine and norepinephrine, high levels of calcium ions in the interstitial fluid, certain drugs (digitalis)

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28
Q

What are the three main elements of stroke volume?

A

Preload (End Diastolic Volume and stretch of the myocardium before contraction)
Contractility (Force of contraction)
Afterload (

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29
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Narrowing of the arteries

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30
Q

What is aortic pressure?

A

80mmHg

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31
Q

What is the normal value of pulmonary pressure?

A

20mmHg

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32
Q

What brain nerves regulate the heart rate and ventricular activity?

A

The cardiovascular centre, a collection of neurons located in the medulla oblongata (the most inferior part of the brain stem)

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33
Q

What are negative inotropic agents and some examples?

A

Factors that decrease or impair contractility e.g. sympathetic inhibition, anoxia, acidosis, high potassium levels in the extracellular fluid, calcium channel blockers

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34
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

mL of blood pumped by the heart per minute

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35
Q

What is the definition or an artery?

A

A blood vessel taking blood from the heart to the body’s tissues, can be oxygenated or deoxygenated

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36
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries?

A

Elastic (Conducting)
Muscular (Distributing)
Arterioles

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37
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica interna (intima)
Tunica media
Tunica externa (adventitia)

38
Q

What does the tunica interna consist of?

A

Single cell layer endothelium
Basement membrane
Internal elastic lamina

39
Q

What does the tunica media consist of?

A

Circular smooth muscle
External elastic lamina

40
Q

What does tunica externa consist of?

A

Collagen fibres, nerve fibres, lymphatic vessels. In large arteries, this layer is also served by very small blood vessels called vasa-vasorum

41
Q

What is component B?

A

Fibrous pericardium - Tough dense connective tissue

42
Q

What is component A?

A

The pericardium - Thin fluid filled sack, for protection and lubricantion

43
Q

What is component C?

A

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

44
Q

What is component D?

A

Parietal cavity

45
Q

What is component E?

A

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium (or epicardium)

46
Q

What is component F?

A

Myocardium

47
Q

What is component G?

A

Coronary blood vessels

48
Q

What is component H?

A

Trabeculae carneae

49
Q

What is component I?

A

The endocardium

50
Q

What arteries come off the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic artery
Left subclavian artery
Left common carotid artery

51
Q

What does the right subclavian artery branch off of?

A

The brachycephalic artery

52
Q

What does the right common carotid artery branch off of?

A

The brachycephalic artery

53
Q

What arteries mainly supply the lungs?

A

Bronchial arteries

54
Q

What is component B?

A

Pulmonary trunk

55
Q

What is component C?

A

The right coronary artery

56
Q

What is component E?

A

The marginal branch

57
Q

What is component H?

A

Posterior Inter-ventricular branch (PIV)

58
Q

What is component I?

A

Left Anterior Descending (LAD) or left anterior inter-ventricular branch

59
Q

What is component J?

A

The circumflex branch

60
Q

What is component A?

A

Endothelium

61
Q

What is component B?

A

Basement membrane

62
Q

What is component C?

A

Internal elastic lamina

63
Q

What is component D?

A

Smooth muscle

64
Q

What is component E?

A

External elastic lamina

65
Q

How does the great cardiac vein divide?

A

Into the left marginal vein and the anterior interventricular vein

66
Q

How much relative resistance do elastic arteries give?

A

Low resistance due to their large diameter lumen

67
Q

What is notable about the tunica media of elastic arteries?

A

High proportion of elastic fibres and a fair amount of smooth muscle, however this smooth muscle is inactive in vasoconstriction

68
Q

What’s the average lumen diameter of muscular arteries?

A

6mm

69
Q

What’s the average lumen diameter of elastic arteries?

A

15mm

70
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

Short micro vessels that connect arterioles to capillaries

71
Q

Is venous or arterial pressure lower?

A

Venous

72
Q

What percentage of the blood on average is in the venous system at any given time?

A

70%

73
Q

What is the purpose of venous valves?

A

To stop backflow of blood

74
Q

What mainly generates venous return?

A

Contractions of the left ventricle

75
Q

Apart from heart contractions what mechanisms aid venous return?

A

Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump

76
Q

What do you call narrowing of the arteries?

A

Atherosclerosis

77
Q

How does cyclooxygenase (COX) cause miocardial infarction?

A

After injuries to the endothelium COX converts arachidobic acid into prostaglandins, COX1 synthesises thromboxane A2 (TXA2) promoting platelet aggregation

78
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

A blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta. This connection is present in all babies in the womb but should close shortly after birth.

79
Q

What is acute coronary syndrome?

A

ACS refers to a group of conditions including, STEMI, NSTEMI and Unstable Angina

80
Q

What is the difference between an embolus and an embolism?

A

An embolus is any foreign material that moves with blood flow. An embolism happens when an embolus severely blocks the flow of blood

81
Q

What nerves input from the cardiovascular centre into the heart?

A

Cardiac accelerator nerves
Vagus nerves

82
Q

What protein is released when the heart is damage?

A

Troponin

83
Q

What is aortic coarctation?

A

A birth defect in which the aorta is narrower in some places

84
Q

What is the formula for stroke volume?

A

EDV-ESV

End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume

85
Q

What is pre-load?

A

Volume of blood recieved by the heart (End Diastolic Volume)

86
Q

What is after-load?

A

Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood (MAP)

87
Q

What are metaterioles?

A

A metarteriole is a short microvessel in the microcirculation that links arterioles and capillaries. Instead of a continuous tunica media, they have individual smooth muscle cells placed a short distance apart, each forming a precapillary sphincter that encircles the entrance to that capillary bed.

88
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal

89
Q

What are the characteristics of continuous capillaries?

A

A continuous layer of epithelial cells with clefts
Continuous basement membrane

90
Q

What are the characteristics of fenestrated capillaries, why do they have these characteristics?

A

Continuous layer of epithelial cells with clefts AND fenestrations
Continuous basement membrane

Usefull for exchanging large quantities of solutes in tissues with high demand such as the kidney, small intestine etc.

91
Q

What are the characteristics of sinusoidal capillaries, why do they have these characteristics?

A

Non continous layer of epithelial cells with large fenestrations and large clefts
Incomplete basement membrane

These characteristics make sinusoidal capilarries very leaky and can allow whole blood cells out into the extravascular space, usueful in tissues such as the bone marrow and liver

Science for Paramedics (18 decks)

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