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Science for Paramedics > The female reproductive system > Flashcards

The female reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

What systems do the breasts belong to?

A

Reproductive
Intergumentary

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2
Q

What are the constituent parts of the vulva?

A

Mons pubis
Labia majora and minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
Hymen

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3
Q

What are the different states of hymen?

A

Annular
Crescentic
Septate
Cribform
Fimbrated

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4
Q

What are the functions of the vulva?

A

Sexual stimulation
Assisting flow of urine
Protection from infection

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the posterior fornix?

A

Acts as a natural semen reservoir after intercourse

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6
Q

What are the fornices?

A

The domes created by the vagina surrounding the cervix

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7
Q

What are the functions of the vagina?

A

Receives and allows passage of sperm and ejaculate
Daily discharge to cleanse and lubricate
Passage of menstrual blood
Birth passage
Sensation

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8
Q

What are the functions of the cervix?

A

Facilitates the passage of sperm
Maintains sterility of the upper reproductive tract

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9
Q

How does the cervix facilitate the passage of sperm?

A

Dilation of the external and internal OS

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10
Q

How does the cervix maintain the sterility of the upper reproductive tract?

A

Frequent shredding of the endometrium
Cervical mucus
A narrow external os

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11
Q

What are the parts of the uterus?

A

Fundus
Body
Cervix

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12
Q

What is the structure of the uterine wall?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

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13
Q

What connects the fallopian tubes to the uterus?

A

Broad ligaments

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14
Q

What connects the ovaries to the uterus?

A

Fallopian tubes
Ovarian ligament

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15
Q

Where should embryos implant?

A

The endometrium

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16
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

Assisting transport of the ovum from the ovaries to the uterus

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17
Q

How do the fallopian tubes facilitate transport of the ovum?

A

Ciliated inner mucosa cella
Smooth muscle contraction

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18
Q

Which hormones are the fallopian smooth muscle sensitive to?

A

Sex steroids (oestrogen and progesterone)

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19
Q

What are the parts of the fallopian tubes?

A

Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum
Fimbriae

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20
Q

What is the structure of the ovaries?

A

Cuboidal epithelium surface
Cortex
Medulla
Hilium

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21
Q

What is contained in the ovarian cortex?

A

Largely comprised of connective tissue supporting follicles. Each follicle contains an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells

22
Q

What is contained in the ovarian medulla?

A

A rich neurovascular network which enters the ovary at the hilium

23
Q

How do the ovaries form and release ovum?

A

Primordial follicles form primary follicles around each ovum
The follicles developed into mature follicles with the ovum inside developing also into a secondary ovum
The follicle ruptures liberating the ovum
The follicle degrades forming an early corpus, corpus luteum then coprus albicans

24
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries?

A

Production of oocytes
Sex steroid hormone production

25
Q

What sex steroid hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone

26
Q

What causes the ovaries to produce sex steroid hormones?

A

It is in response to pituitary gonadotropins LH and FSH

27
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

The preparation of endocrine tissues and release of eggs

28
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual phase
Follicular phase
Ovulation phase
Luteal phase

29
Q

What are the female reproductive cycle organs?

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland
Ovary
Uterus

30
Q

At what point during the menstrual cycle does ovulation usually occur?

A

Day 14

31
Q

At what point during the menstrual cycle do the different pituitary and ovarian hormone levels peak?

A

FSH and LH - 14
Oestrogen- 13 (just before FSH and LH)
Progesterone- 22

32
Q

At what point in the menstrual cycle is there a secondary spike in oestrogen?

A

Day 22, in line with the main spike in progesterone

33
Q

What prompts the formation of primary follicles?

A

A fall in levels of progesterone

34
Q

What stimulates the release of FSH and LH?

A

The release of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone from the hypothalamus

35
Q

What stimulates the development of primary follicles into secondary follicles and beyond?

A

FSH

36
Q

What produces oestrogen?

A

Maturing follicles in the ovaries

37
Q

What are the reproductive effects of oestrogen?

A

Follicular phase:
Signals the womb to prepare the uterine lining for gestation
Cortisol reduces Luteinizing Hormone (LH) pulse frequency, most likely via the inhibition of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) pulsatility.

Ovulation phase:
A surge of oestrogen stimulates the hypothalamus to release Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) which inturn stimulates FSH and LH release

38
Q

What is the effect of LH?

A

It weakens the wall of the ovary so the egg is released

39
Q

What is atresia?

A

The process by which oocytes of follicles that do not mature are degenerated and reabsorbed

40
Q

How long do human eggs live for after ovulation?

A

Around 12-24 hours

41
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

It signals the uterine lining to thicken and become highly vascularised to prepare for gestation
Supports the developing placenta

42
Q

When and where is progesterone produced?

A

After ovulation, in the remnant follicle cells left

43
Q

What occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

The corpus luteum continues to release progesterone for up to 10 days
If a sperm fertilises an egg Human Chornic Gonadotropin (HCG) is released
HCG travels to the brain which singals the corpus luteum to maintain progesterone levels to support the developing placenta

44
Q

What occurs during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

If no implantation takes place after 10 days progesterone levels drop off as the corpus luteum degenerates
The diminishing progesterone levels cause the highly vascularised and thickened uterine wall to degenerate and fall away, beginning menstruation

45
Q

What is released during menstruation?

A

A combination of blood, mucus and tissue

46
Q

What are common PMS symptoms?

A

Increased appetite
Back pain
Diarrhoea or constipation
Abdominal pain and bloating
Insomnia
Fatigue
Sensitive breasts
Headache and nausea
Acne

47
Q

What occurs during menopause?

A

The number of oocytes are very depleted
Ovaries begin to lose their sensitivity to FSH and LH
Less oestrogen and progesterone produced as a result
Menstrual period become infrequent and eventually stop
Lower oestrogen affects calcium metabolism leading to osteomalacia/osteoporosis
Many side effects are induced

48
Q

What are common menopause symptoms?

A

Hot flushes
Heavy sweating
Headaches
Hair loss
Muscle pain
Vaginal dryness
Insomnia
Depression
Weight gain
Mood swings

49
Q

What is the structure of mammary glands?

A

Fatty tissue surrounding 15-20 lobes of glandular tissue that radiate around the nipple

50
Q

What hormones contribute to development of the mammary glands?

A

Oestrogen causes glandular units and adipose tissue to grow during puberty
Progesterone causes the development of the duct system

51
Q

Where is mammary gland milk produced?

A

In the alveoli

52
Q

What stimulates milk release?

A

Oxytocin stimulates the breast tissue to squeeze the alveoli, pushing the milk into the lactiferous ducts, collecting it in the lactiferous sinus

Science for Paramedics (18 decks)

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