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NCCPT 2022 > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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2
Q

What is defined as an articulation between two bones in the body?

A

Joint

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3
Q

What are the two divisions of the human skeleton?

A
  1. Axial skeleton
  2. Appendicular skeleton
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4
Q

What bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of the head, trunk, and vertebrae

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5
Q

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs

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6
Q

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

80

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7
Q

How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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8
Q

Label the following:

A
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9
Q

What are the five types of bones?

A
  1. Flat
  2. Short
  3. Long
  4. Sesamoid
  5. Irregular
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10
Q

What type of bone protect the internal organs and provide a large surface area for muscles to attach. They are somewhat flat and thin but may be curved?

A

Flat bones

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11
Q

What type of bones in the body are cube-shaped and provide stability and a limited amount of movement?

A

Short bones

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12
Q

What type of bones support body weight, facilitate movement, and are longer than they are wide, a cylinder shape?

A

Long bones

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13
Q

What type of bones are small and round, found in the joints and within tendons, and reinforce and protect tendons from stress and wear and tear?

A

Sesamoid bones

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14
Q

What type of bones serve a variety of purposes, including protecting vital organs and have complex shapes?

A

Irregular bones

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15
Q

Give an example of a flat bone.

A

Sternum, ribs, clavicle, scapula

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16
Q

Give an example of a short bone.

A

Carpals, tarsals, calcaneus

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17
Q

Give an example of a long bone.

A

Tibia, gibula, femur, humerus, radius, ulna

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18
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone.

A

Patella

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19
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone.

A

Vertebrae, pelvis, pubis, ilium

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20
Q

What is the soft, spongelike tissue in the center of most bones containing stem cells of red or white blood cells or platelets?

A

Bone marrow

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21
Q

Label the following diagram.

A
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22
Q

The process of bone formation or remodeling is called… (?)

A

Osteogenesis

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23
Q

What is the condition when bone tissue forms within a muscle or other soft tissue as a result of trauma or injury?

A

Myositis Ossificans

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24
Q

WHat is the name for the firm, flexible connective tissue that pads and protects joints and structural components of the body?

A

Cartilage

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25
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A
  1. The explanation for bone adaptations as a result of the loads placed on them.
  2. States that changes in form and function of a bone will be adaptive to the loads placed upon it.
26
Q

What are the classifications of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
27
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?

A

Joints with fibrous connective tissue joining two bones that allow for very little movement.

28
Q

Name the three types of fibrous joints and their characteristics.

A
  1. Sutures or synarthrodial joints: This type of joint is found in the skull. During birth, sutures are flexible to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal, and they become more rigid with age.
  2. Syndesmoses: found between some long bones like the tibia and fibula.
  3. Gomphosis joints: attach teeth to the sockets of the maxilla and mandible.
29
Q

What are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?

A

Moderately movable joints made of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.

30
Q

Name the two types of cartilaginous joints and their characteristics.

A
  1. Primary: epiphyseal (growth) plates
  2. Secondary: intervertebral discs (layers of cartilage between vertebrae)
31
Q

Describe synovial joints.

A

Fluid-filled joints found between bones that move against one another.

32
Q

What is a non-synovial joint?

A

A joint that lacks a fluid junction.

33
Q

What is the envelope surrounding a synovial joint?

A

Articular capsule

34
Q

What is the viscous fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints?

A

Synovial fluid.

35
Q

Label the following diagram of the knee joint.

A
36
Q

What is the broad term meaning joint motion that can be used in reference to all joint motions?

A

Arthrokinematics

37
Q

What are the six classifications of synovial joints?

A
  1. Ball-and-socket joint
  2. Saddle joint
  3. Hinge joint
  4. Gliding joint
  5. Pivot joint
  6. Condyloid Joint
38
Q

Name the attributes of a ball-and-socket joint and give examples.

A

Also known as an enarthrodial joint, this joint allows a wide range of movement in many directions. Examples are the shoulder and hip joints.

39
Q

Name the attributes of a saddle joint and give examples.

A

The sellar or saddle joints are like ball-and-socket joints but cannot rotate. Examples include the trapezium and the first metacarpal joint (joint between the thumb and wrist).

40
Q

Name the attributes of a hinge joint and give examples.

A

The hinge joints include the elbows, ankles, and knee joints. They allow a wide range of movement in one plane (direction).

41
Q

Name the attributes of a gliding joint and give examples.

A

The arthrodial or gliding joints of the body include the tarsals and metatarsal of the foot. In these joints, two flat bones press up against each other.

42
Q

Name the attributes of a pivot joint and give examples.

A

Trochoidal or pivot joints rotate around a long axis (line that runs parallel to the joint). The radioulnar joint of the forearm is a pivot joint.

43
Q

Name the attributes of a condyloid joint and give examples.

A

Also known as an ellipsoid joint, these joints move in two directions—one direction primarily with a small range in another direction. Rotation is not allowed in these joints. The radiocarpal joint at the wrist is a prime example.

44
Q

Label the following types of joints.

A
45
Q

What is close-packed joint position?

A

The most stable joint position, when the connective tissue is taut and neighboring bones have the most contact.

46
Q

What is the connective tissue that connects muscle to bone and serves as a mechanical bridge to transmit the force created by muscle contraction?

A

Tendons

47
Q

What is the return of a system’s output as input for a future action called?

A

Feedback loop.

48
Q

What is a Goldi tendon organ?

A

The proprioceptive sensory organ that senses muscle tension in a tendon and inhibits muscle action.

49
Q

What is a muscle spindle?

A

The proprioceptive sensory organ that senses muscle stretch in a muscle and promotes muscle action.

50
Q

What are tough bands made of collagen and elastin connecting bone to bone called?

A

Ligaments.

51
Q

What is elastin?

A

A highly elastic connective tissue allowing many tissues to retain their shape.

52
Q

What is an abnormal joint movement away from the midline of the body (i.e., bowlegged) called?

A

Varus

53
Q

What is an abnormal joint movement toward the midline of the body (i.e., knock-kneed) called?

A

Valgus

54
Q

Name the three types of ligaments in regard to the location with respect to the joint and give a description and example of each.

A
  1. Extrinsic ligament: This type of ligament is located on the outside of the joint. An example is the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), which resists abnormal movement away from the midline, termed varus stress.
  2. Intrinsic ligament: the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are situated inside the knee joint to resist anterior and posterior (forward and backward) movement of the tibia, respectively.
  3. Capsular ligament: The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is a capsular ligament, so called because it is continuous with the joint capsule. It resists valgus stress at the knee by keeping the joint approximated.
55
Q

What is a joint capsule?

A

A thin, strong layer of connective tissue containing synovial fluid in freely moving joints.

56
Q

Label the ligaments of the knee in the following diagram.

A
57
Q

What is the connective tissue enveloping cartilage everywhere except at a joint?

A

Perichondrium

58
Q

What is a form of hyaline cartilage located on the joint surface of bones?

A

Articular cartilage

59
Q

Name the three types of cartilage found in the body and give characteristics and examples of each.

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage: A transparent cartilage found on most joint surfaces and in the respiratory tract, which contains no nerves or blood vessels.
  2. Fibrocartilage: An elastic and tough tissue containing type I and type II collagen.
  3. Elastic cartilage: Flexible cartilage present in the outer ear, inner ear, and epiglottis.
60
Q

What is the piece of elastic cartilage in the throat that opens during breathing and closes during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

61
Q

What is meniscus?

A

A form of fibrocartilage present in the knee, wrist, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints.

NCCPT 2022 (11 decks)

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