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NCCPT 2022 > Supporting Systems > Flashcards

Supporting Systems Flashcards

1
Q

How many organ systems does the human body have?

A

11

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

A

To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, thereby transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and moving carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs to be excreted. In addition, the circulatory system is also responsible for the transport of nutrients from the digestive system to body tissues and serves as a clearing house for the biochemical waste products resulting from physical activity, such as weight training or aerobic exercise.

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3
Q

What does the circulatory systme consist of?

A

The heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood.

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4
Q

What are the blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the tissues?

A

Arteries

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5
Q

What are the blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart to remove waste and pick up more oxygen?

A

Veins

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6
Q

What are the fine-branching blood vessels forming a network between the arterioles and venules, where transport of nutrients and oxygen or carbon dioxide occurs on a microscopic scale?

A

Capillaries

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7
Q

What are the smaller branches of the arteries leading to the capillaries?

A

Arterioles

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8
Q

What are the small branches of the veins gathering blood from the capillaries?

A

Venules

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9
Q

Label the following diagram of the blood vessels.

A
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10
Q

What are the two upper cavities of the heart passing blood to the ventricles?

A

Atria (singular is atrium)

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11
Q

What are the two lower cavities of the heart passing blood to the body or to the lungs?

A

Ventricles

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12
Q

What is the name of the blood vessels that move blood from the heart to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary arteries

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13
Q

What is the name of the blood vessels returning oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary veins

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14
Q

What is the name of the main artery in the body that supplies oxygenated blood to the circulatory system?

A

Aorta

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15
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

The blood flow between the heart and the lungs.

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16
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

The blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body.

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17
Q

Label the following diagram.

A
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18
Q

Label the following diagram.

A
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19
Q

What is the blood vessel that moves blood from the upper body and head to the heart?

A

Superior vena cava

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20
Q

That is the blood vessel that moves blood from the lower body to the heart?

A

Inferior vena cava

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21
Q

What is the name for all of the chemical processes that occur in the body to support life including converting food into energy?

A

Metabolism

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22
Q

What are atrioventricular (AV) valves?

A

Valves between the atria and ventricles preventing the backward flow of blood during cardiac contractions.

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23
Q

Describe the order in which blood enters and passes through the heart.

A
  1. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body’s tissues.
  2. Blood passes through the tricuspid (AV valve) to the right ventricle.
  3. The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery.
  4. Blood is carried by the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation.
  5. Oxegenated blood returns by way of the pulmonary vein to the left atrium.
  6. Blood passes through the bicuspid (mitral) valve to the left ventricle.
  7. The left ventricle ejects blood through the aortic (semilunar) valve into the aorta for transport in the systemic circuit.
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24
Q

TEST TIP!

A

The heart anatomy can be confusing. Use these tips to remember how blood flows through the heart:

The atrium (plural: atria) receives blood; ventricles pump it out.

Blood leaving the right ventricle will be right back—it moves to the lungs for oxygen before returning to the heart.

Blood leaving the left ventricle has left—it is headed out to the body.

“Tri before you bi”—the tricuspid valve is on the right side of the heart and the bicuspid valve is on the left side. Blood passes through the “tri” before the “bi”—right side, then left.

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25
Q

What is the action of the heart from the start of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next?

A

Cardiac cycle

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26
Q

What is the heartbeat phase where muscle contraction moves blood from the heart chambers to the arteries?

A

Systole

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27
Q

What is the heartbeat phase where the cardiac muscle relaxes and the heart chambers fill with blood?

A

Diastole

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28
Q

What is the sinoatiral (SA) node?

A

The pacemaker of the heart that generates the first electrical signal of a heartbeat and stimulates the atria to contract.

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29
Q

What is the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A

The nerve node between the right atrium and right ventricle that propagates the electrical signal from the SA note to more distal heart nerves that cause ventricular contraction.

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30
Q

Label the following diagram of the nerves of the heart.

A
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31
Q

Define stroke volume.

A

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction.

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32
Q

The number of heartbeats per minute is called… (?)

A

Heart rate

33
Q

What is the “cardiac center” of the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

34
Q

Will stroke volume be higher or lower in unconditioned individuals?

A

Most likely, lower.

35
Q

What is normal resting heart rate?

A

60 - 100 beats per minute

36
Q

What is the rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through them called?

A

Pulse

37
Q

Define blood pressure.

A

The force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries during the two phases of the cardiac cycle.

38
Q

What is considered by the American Heart Association to be normal blood pressure.

A

Anything less than 120/80 mm Hg.

39
Q

What is the pressure in blood vessels when the heart beats (ventricular contraction) called?

A

Systolic

40
Q

What is the pressure in blood vessels when the heart rests (ventricular filling) called?

A

Diastolic

41
Q

Define hypotension.

A

Low blood pressure measuring 90/60 mm Hg or lower.

42
Q

Define hypertension.

A

High blood pressure measuring more than 140/90 mm Hg.

43
Q

Complete the following table on blood pressure categories.

A
44
Q

What are the four factors affecting blood pressure measurements?

A
  1. Cardiac output
  2. Blood volume
  3. Peripheral resistance
  4. Blood viscosity
45
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute.

46
Q

Define blood volume.

A

The total volume of blood within the circulatory system of an individual.

47
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

The vascular resistance of the arteries to blood flow.

48
Q

What is the thickness and “stickiness” of blood and how it affects its flow through the blood vessels called?

A

Blood viscosity

49
Q

What are the most numerous type of blood cells in the body?

A

Red blood cells

50
Q

What are the blood proteins that combine with other substances in the body to recognize foreign bodies as part of the immune response?

A

Antibodies

51
Q

What is the fluid found between cells?

A

Interstitial fluid

52
Q

What is lymph?

A

The colorless fluid of the lymphatic system.

53
Q

What is the system that regulates fluid volume and pressure within the tissues?

A

The lymphatic system

54
Q

What are three key functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Balancing interstitial fluids.
  2. Absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins
  3. Defending against illness and disease
55
Q

What is is the largest lymphatic structure in the human body?

A

The spleen

56
Q

Name the structures that the respiratory system consists of.

A
  1. Nose and nasal cavities
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Lungs
57
Q

What is another name for the pharynx?

A

The throat

58
Q

What is the passageway between the pharynx and the trachea?

A

Larynx

59
Q

What is the main passageway of air into the lungs?

A

Trachea

60
Q

What is the passageway of air into the functional tissues of the lungs?

A

Bronchi

61
Q

How many lobes do the lungs have?

A

The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes.

62
Q

What is the intake of oxygen and subsequent release of carbon dioxide in an organism called?

A

Respiration

63
Q

What is the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air called?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

64
Q

What are the smallest functional pulmonary tissues?

A

Alveoli

65
Q

Label the following diagram of pulmonary anatomy.

A
66
Q

What is the act of breathing air into the lungs called?

A

Inspiration.

67
Q

What is the act of breathing air out of the lungs called?

A

Expiration.

68
Q

Name the dome-shaped muscle that separates the lungs and pleural cavity from the abdomen.

A

Diaphragm

69
Q

What is another name for the chest cavity?

A

Thoracic cavity

70
Q

Define external respiration.

A

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.

71
Q

Define internal respiration.

A

The process of diffusing oxygen from the blood into the interstitial fluid and into the cells.

72
Q

What system regulates growth, development, homeostasis, reproduction, and metabolic activities through chemical messengers known as hormones?

A

Endocrine system

73
Q

What are the chemical messengers stored, created, and released by endocrine glands?

A

Hormones

74
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless glands releasing hormones that remain within the body.

75
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that produce and release substances through ducts or openings on the body’s surface.

76
Q

What are chains of amino acids called?

A

Peptides

77
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Simple organic compounds known as the building blocks of proteins.

78
Q

What are steroids?

A

A class of chemicals characterized by their carbon structure, working to reduce inflammation and the activity of the immune system.

79
Q

Which hormones can diffuse across the plasma membrane of cells?

A

Lipid hormones

NCCPT 2022 (11 decks)

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