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NCCPT 2022 > The Muscular System > Flashcards

The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three different types of muscle tissue.

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. Smooth
  3. Skeletal
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2
Q

What type of muscle tissue makes up blood vessels?

A

Smooth muscle tissue.

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3
Q

What is the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber called?

A

Sarcoplasm

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4
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Parallel filaments that form muscle.

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5
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

The filaments of myofibrils composed of actin and myosin.

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6
Q

Name the two types of myofilaments.

A
  1. Actin
  2. Myosin
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7
Q

What are the thin filaments of muscle myofilaments where myosin bind to contract muscles?

A

Actin

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8
Q

What are the thick filaments of myofilaments with a fibrous head, neck, and tail that bind to actin?

A

Myosin

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9
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The contractile unit of muscle tissue.

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10
Q

What is endomysium?

A

The connective tissue covering each muscle fiber.

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11
Q

Label the following diagram:

A
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12
Q

What is the fibrous elastic tissue that surrounds a muscle?

A

Epimysium

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13
Q

What are fasciculi?

A

Bundles of muscle fibers (the singular is “fascicle”).

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14
Q

What is the connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers?

A

Perimysium

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15
Q

What is the name for a strong, fibrous cord made of collagen that attaches muscle to bone?

A

Tendon

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16
Q

What is periosteum?

A

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

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17
Q

Describe the process for the musculature of the musculoskeletal system to contract.

A
  1. It must receive a signal from the CNS
  2. These signals (action potentials) travel along the nervous system and eventually connect with muscles via motor neurons.
  3. The motor neurons meet with the muscle cell at a synapse called the neuromuscular junction, and…
  4. A unique neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is released.
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18
Q

What is the space between a motor neuron and muscle fiber?

A

Neuromuscular junction

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19
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical messenger that transmits messages between neurons or from neurons to muscles.

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20
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

The neurotransmitter released by an action potential at the neuromuscular junction.

21
Q

Describe the process of muscle contraction.

List of 10 points.

A
  1. Brain sends out electrical signal
  2. Signal travels through the spinal cord
  3. To the spinal nerves
  4. To the motor neurons
  5. Resulting in the propagation of an electrical current through the muscle fiber
  6. Electrical signal triggers the release of calcium inside the muscle fiber
  7. The released calcium binds to the contractile protein ACTIN
  8. This permits its interaction with the MYOSIN contractile protein
  9. ATP provides the energy that permits the “walking” of MYOSIN across the ACTIN
  10. This pulling action of the MYOSIN across the ACTIN results in the shortening of the muscle fiber during MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
22
Q

What is the sliding-filament theory?

A

The interaction of actin and myosin that describes the process of muscle contraction.

23
Q

What is the component of a cell that is most noted for energy production?

A

Mitocohondria

24
Q

Describe the attributes of slow-twitch muscle fibers.

A
  1. Type I
  2. Fatigue-resistant
  3. High mitochondrial density
  4. Derive energy from aerobic metabolism
  5. Ideal for endurance and low-intensity activities of longer duration
  6. Also called oxidative fibers
  7. Contract relatively slowly
25
Q

Describe the attributes of fast-twitch muscle fibers.

A
  1. Contract quickly and with greater force
  2. Type IIa and Type IIx
  3. Selectively recruited for high-intensity activities requiring strength and power
  4. Type IIa are moderately fatigable muscle fibers with moderate mitochondrial density (meaning they can contract through most intermittent athletic activity and recover well)
  5. Derive energy from anaerobic metabolism
  6. Type IIx are fast-fatigable muscle fibers with low mitochondrial density
  7. Also known as “super fibers”
26
Q

What does liability of recruitment refer to?

Muscular system.

A

How easily and quickly muscle fibers can be recuited. The higher the liability, the more likely a muscle fiber will fire more easily and quickly compared to a lower liability muscle fiber.

27
Q

Which muscle fibers have the highest liability to recruitment?

A

Type I (slow-twitch) fibers

28
Q

What is the principle that states that fibers with a high level of liability are recruited first and that those with lower levels of liability are recruited last?
(Principle stating that motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates.)

A

The size principle of fiber recruitment (also called the Henneman principle)

29
Q

What is the name for a spindle-shaped muscle with a large belly?

A

Fusiform muscle

30
Q

Muscle fibers converging from a broad origin (fixed point where the muscle attaches closest to the torso) to a single tendon of insertion (fixed point where the muscle attaches furthest from the torso) is referred to as… (?)

A

Convergent muscle

31
Q

What is the name for muscle fibers surrounding an opening in the body?

A

Circular muscle (also called sphincters)

32
Q

Muscle fibers running parallel to the axis of the muscle are called… (?)

A

Parallel muscle

33
Q

Describe pennate muscles.

A

Muscles with fascicles that attach obliquely (diagonally).

34
Q

Describe unipennate muscle.

A

Muscle fibers extending from one side of a central tendon.

35
Q

Describe bipennate muscle.

A

Muscle fibers extending from both sides of a central tendon.

36
Q

Describe multipennate muscle.

A

Muscle fibers extending from both sides of multiple central tendons.

37
Q

Name the three types of muscle actions.

A
  1. Concentric
  2. Eccentric
  3. Isometric
38
Q

When the length of a muscle shortens as tension is produced it is called what type of muscle action?

A

Concentric

39
Q

When the length of a muscle increases as tension is produced it is called what type of muscle action?

A

Eccentric

40
Q

When the length of a muscle remains constant as tension is produced it is called what type of muscle action?

A

Isometric

41
Q

Rank the three types of contractions in order of strength, from strongest to weakest.

A
  1. Eccentric
  2. Isometric
  3. Concentric
42
Q

Label the following muscle fiber patterns:

A
43
Q

In what muscle fiber arrangement do muscle fibers run parallel to the axis of the muscle?

A

Parallel muscles

44
Q

In what muscle fiber arrangement do muscles have fascicles that attach obliquely (diagonally)?

A

Pennate muscles

45
Q

In what muscle fiber arrangement do muscle fibers run diagonally in respect to the tendon similar to a feather?

A

Penniform

46
Q

In what muscle fiber arrangement do muscle fibers extend from one side of a central tendon?

A

Unipennate

47
Q

In what muscle fiber arrangement do muscle fibers extend from both sides of a central tendon?

A

Bipennate

48
Q

In what muscle fiber arrangement do muscle fibers extend from both sides of multiple central tendons?

A

Multipennate

49
Q

What is the Stretch-Shortening Cycle (SSC)?

Muscle Actions

A

The cycling between the eccentric (stretch) action of a muscle and the concentric (shortening) action of the same muscle.

NCCPT 2022 (11 decks)

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